7#4&i&i+i+i+i6+++++ + +++++ ,(+++hK4,(\44+A444444 A Comprehensive Guide to Mastering Autism (Formerly, To Infuse or Not to Infuse and A Comprehensive Guide to Managing Autism) Willis S. Langford Copyright November 1999-2004 Mastering Autism.doc [December 7, 2004] A Comprehensive Guide To Mastering Autism Willis S. Langford TABLE OF CONTENTS Subject Page Introduction 1 Immune 101 22 Leaky Gut 43 Digestion 101 45 Serotonin Connection 64 Healing the Leaky Gut 82 GABA 85 Candida 93 A Second Scenario 100 Copperheads 107 pH 111 Dr. Cheneys Oxygen Treatment 112 Transfer Factor 116 Negative Effects of Secretin 117 Hydrochloric Acid May be a Solution 121 Biochemical Observations 124 Solutions to the Problems 133 Histamine: Solution or Problem? 145 Enzymes: The Fountain of Life 146 Improved Nutrition Relieves Bowel and Infection 147 Care and Feeding of the Bowel 150 Some additional aids to overcome diarrhea: 154 Cod-liver Oil and Vitamin A 156 Bethanechol 160 What? Rickets? 166 Managing Fatty Acids 167 Three Metabolic Types. 183 Tums Anyone? 183 Detoxification 101 187 Phenol-sulphotransferase (PST) 196 Vitamin A, GAGs, Measles, and PST 199 What Is MHPG? Why Should We Measure It? 216 Sulfation Ratio as a Measure of PST Activity 218 Mercury Poisoned. 223 Get the Lead Out 235 Acetylaldehyde and NAD 240 Pyrroluria 243 The Thyroid: Metabolic Regulator 246 Forskolin: Poor Man's Secretin? 255 Demyelination 258 Fibroblast Growth Factor 268 Summary and Miscellaneous 269 A Comprehensive Guide to Mastering Autism Willis S. Langford Warning: Do not scan and read this paper piecemeal. It must be studied to avoid mis-steps. Autism can be mastered! There are several very basic things discussed in this paper that can be done at home with little or no expensive testing. Foremost is the home testing for thyroid function discussed toward the end of this paper, and support of thyroid function. The unloading of the donkey is vital to possibly 80% of these troubled children for they are poisoned, drowning in their own toxic wastes. Elimination of bowel disorders is very first on the list of vital action. It is often as simple as supplying a digestive enzyme supplement, or removing milk. A few autistic children can be helped dramatically by medical procedures such as an infusion of the intestinal hormone secretin. The need and the beneficial response to secretin, I think, are dependent upon the amount of damage to the duodenum and small intestine from whatever cause, and on the stomachs ability to produce adequate hydrochloric acid (HCl) for proper digestion. Since these largely determine proper digestion and assimilation, it is vital that both be functioning optimally. Healing of the intestines, including rebalancing of flora is vital to health and well-being and mental function. Release of Secretin is dependant on adequate HCl in the chyme. Secretin is reduced in hypothyroid rats (Robberecht et al, 1981), so first support the thyroid. Without adequate HCl, secretin infusion can, at best, be only partially effective in restoring digestion and proper physical and mental function. HCl production and thyroid function are also very dependent on adequate zinc levels, usually lacking in these children. With support for the thyroid, adequate zinc and vitamin B6, and possibly supplemental betaine hydrochloride (HCl), Secretin infusion may be totally unnecessary. The path of autism is different for each child. Some are prone to seizures, some are not; some behave aggressively while others are overly passive. However, children with autism and with ADHD share several factors. In one study, 66% of patients diagnosed with ADHD were found to be hypothyroid. (At least as many with autism are also hypothyroid.) Supplementing their thyroid levels was largely curative. Visual and auditory hallucinations may result from altered perception and have been misdiagnosed as schizophrenia or psychosis. Other behavioral symptoms have included fear - ranging from mild anxiety to frank paranoia, mood swings, and aggression. Thyroid hormone disorders may induce almost any psychiatric symptom or syndrome, including rageAronson and Dodman, 1997. Additionally, there is a deep disturbance in their fatty acid metabolism that impairs their utilization of amino acids, and often there is an imbalance in their electrolytes. These too can be symptoms of hypothyroidism! Electrolytes control whats called membrane trafficwhat goes in and out of cells. The delicate balance of electrolytes also controls the electrical activity within the brain. Additionally, it doesnt make any difference what gets to that cell if it cant get into the cell. We know that one of the major ways that you can affect cellular circulation is by modulating the kinds of fatty acids that you eat. You increase receptor sensitivity by increasing the fluidity of the cell membrane, which means increasing the omega-3 content of the diet, because most people are very deficient. The cell membranes are going to be a reflection of your dietary fat, and that will determine their fluidity. Thus, providing other nutritional supplements is relatively ineffective until the electrolyte (sodium-potassium-magnesium-calcium) and fatty acid imbalances are corrected. You can actually make the membranes too fluid. If you eat and incorporate too many omega-3 oils, then the membranes will become highly oxidizable (so you must eat Vitamin E and monounsaturates as well). Practitioners suggest the extent of the nutritional problem in these observations: a. Zinc deficiency exists in 90% of autistic children predisposing to hypothyroidism b. Copper excess exists in 85%, suppressing the thyroid c. Manganese deficiency exists in 20%. Finding these three together indicates a sick child with physical and behavioral problems. d. Calcium and magnesium deficiencies are common, with 75 % of Americans lacking Mg e. Omega 3 fatty acid imbalance exists in nearly 100% f. Fiber deficiency exists in nearly 100% g. Antioxidant deficiency exists in nearly 100% A recent study (Arnold GL, Hyman SL, Mooney RA, Kirby RS. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. August 2003; 33(4): 449-454), found that of the children with autism who consumed a regular diet, 58% had at least one essential amino acid deficiency, and this group was most likely to be deficient in valine, leucine, phenylalanine, or lysine. Sixty percent of children with autism on a restricted diet (GfCf) had at least one amino acid deficiency, and this group was most likely to be deficient in valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, or lysine. These were slightly more likely to be deficient in tryptophan, the amino acid that is a necessary element in the production of Serotonin and in prevention of subclinical Pellagra. Isoleucine, leucine, and tyrosine were reported as being the most frequently observed deficiencies. Only 1 of 24 children in the control group had an essential amino acid deficiency. In another study, researchers measured plasma, amino-acid levels of 36 children and found that all had multiple deficiencies. This should come as no surprise, but what is troubling is that 10 of the 36 children were on a casein-free/gluten-free (cfgf) diet, and those ten were found to have the most severe deficiencies. Protein plays a critical role in every aspect of health. Our skin and muscles are made of protein, as are our hair and nails. Our immune system functions largely by releasing proteins called immunoglobulins, so without enough protein, the immune system comes to a halt. Brain chemistry itself is dependent on protein, which is used to make neurotransmitters. Without enough protein, the brain cant make these neurotransmitters and depression, hyperactivity, or behavioral disorders can result. There are many physical signs of protein deficiency in children. A very common one is the characteristic protruding abdomen that so many children with autism have. Other signs include low muscle tone, reduced weight gain or growth, and weak or slow-growing nails. Additionally, there is heavy metals poisoning: A recent study found 85 percent exhibited severely elevated Copper/Zinc (Cu/Zn) ratios in blood, suggesting a disorder of metallothionein (MT), a short, linear protein responsible for homeostasis of copper and zinc and many other metals. The severity of the Cu/Zn imbalance was far greater than that of any other population we have studied over the past 25 years, said William J. Walsh, Ph.D., Physician, biochemist and chief scientist of the Pfeiffer Treatment Center, Naperville, Illinois. His database suggests that copper overload and zinc depletion are the most common metal-metabolism abnormalities in behavioral conditions such as, ADHD, autism, depression, bipolar disorders, and schizophrenia. In another report, of 23 autistic children who had serum ferritin measured, 12 were iron deficient. Note, however the contradiction when using serum iron measurements (serum iron tests are not as efficient is detecting iron deficiency): I checked out iron levels in our population of 3,000 autism patients. We found that autistic children exhibited higher serum iron levels than controls (non-autistic, healthy children). However, all of the differences occurred in about 1/3 of the autism population with the other 2/3 resembling the controls. The high-iron kids were extremely high, the rest of the autistics were quite normal. It appears that a segment of the autism population has very abnormal iron metabolism (and abnormal ceruloplasmin)Bill Walsh. Serum iron is not the best measure of iron sufficiency. Blood tests for hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels that are checked for transferrin saturation percentages are more useful, but the results of these tests are confounded in states of prolonged inflammation or disease such as autism. A skilled hematologist is often the best professional from whom to obtain personal information concerning blood iron levels. Ferritin metabolism is influenced by thyroid hormone as well as by iron. Thus, the raised serum ferritin in hyperthyroid patients may be partially attributed to increased ferritin synthesis in the liver and its possible leakage into circulation. When copper is deficient, the body cant use iron, so it accumulates and causes damage. There may be a copper deficiency anemia. The disease is called siderosis, which is characterized by a gray pallor to the skin from iron accumulation in the tissues. The results of this study show that L-thyroxine administration and/or iron supplementation increases Glutathione (GSH), Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px) and Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD) levels of erythrocytesChung Hua Yu Fang I Hsueh Tsa Chih 1996 Nov; 30(6):351-3. In addition, these sufferers (of excess serum iron) are unusually sensitive to lead, cadmium, mercury, and other toxic metals so that they tend to accumulate rather than eliminate them. This is probably because Phase I was overactive compared to Phase II in 86%. Phase I was functional, but Phase II was impaired in 14%, thus 100% of children with autism had abnormal liver detoxification S. Edelson and D. Cantor, Toxicology and Industrial Health (2000) 16 1-9. Children are more susceptible than adults. They have more exposure (crawling, playing in dirt, licking hands), and they excrete less (adults retain only 1%, children retain 33%). Iron interferes with the absorption of the essential minerals zinc, manganese, and molybdenum, and it destroys vitamin E; and its own absorption is blocked by calcium and magnesium. Nevertheless, if a mouse cannot make MT, then it should not get copper deficient when fed a high-zinc diet. We fed some of these mice and some control mice (ones that can make MT) diets that contained normal amounts of zinc and some that contained much more zinc. The results showed that the mouse without MT got copper deficient when fed the same high-zinc diet as the mouse that had MT. This study strongly suggests that the old theory is not true and that stimulation of MT is not necessary for high-zinc to bring about a copper deficiency. We suggest instead that the high zinc is inhibiting a copper transport protein in the intestinal membrane, and copper cannot be absorbedReeves PG, Copper Metabolism in Metallothionein-null Mice Fed a High-zinc Diet. J Nutr Biochem 9:598-601, 1998. Copper is preferentially bound to transferrin, the protein transport molecule in the mucosa, competing with iron. Normally, this transport mechanism is not completely saturated, so there are adequate binding sites for both the iron and the copper. Nevertheless, when copper and iron are administered in excess, iron absorption is inhibited because of the preferential binding of copper to the transferrin. Supplement copper and zinc, and iron and copper, at different times of day. When serum iron is high, supplement transferrin to bind the iron and transport it safely. Colostrum is a good source of transferrin. Blood and urine analyses yielded evidence of a metallothionein dysfunction in 499 of 503 patients (99%) diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders, according to Walsh, suggesting that autism may be caused by either a genetic MT defect or a biochemical abnormality, which disables MT protein. Mechanisms with the potential for disrupting MT functioning include severe Zn depletion, impaired synthesis of GSH, toxic metal overload, a pyrrole disorder, and a sulfur amino acid abnormality. An MT disorder may affect the development of brain neurons and may cause impairments in the immune system and gastrointestinal tract, along with hypersensitivity to toxic metals, he said. The excess copper in these kids is probably from two causes. Mercury depresses zinc, and there is a high incidence of zinc malabsorption. To reduce copper, you must use significant amounts of vitamin C and zinc. Treatment for this imbalance centers on stimulation of MT protein with divalent metals (such as zinc and manganese) that are in depletion, and by providing N-acetylcysteine, serine, selenium, and other constitituents of MT. Of secondary benefit are vitamins B6, A, C, D, E, glutathione, and glucocorticoids (anti-inflammatory drugs). This treatment should be gradual during the first 4 weeks of treatment to avoid rapid release of copper from tissues, which could cause a sudden worsening of symptoms. MT-Promotion must be done very carefully to avoid zinc depletion that can result in temporary worsening of behavior, stimming, enuresis, etc. Speaking of Fibromyalgia, Dr. Brice E. Vickery, DC stated, At the end of the seventies I found that nine out of ten subjects examined were not able to digest/transport, utilize, or incorporate the daily dietary protein that was usually adequate (except for some vegetarians) in intake. The discoveries of Rheinholdt Voll, M.D. enabled me to put two and two together and establish that the pancreatic points that he identified as protein digestion function, carbohydrate digestion function, and fat digestion function on the Pancreas Meridian were almost always caused by lack of suitable amino acids. We developed the Vickery-Voll test that was the beginning of an entirely new view of the body. The way it is believed to work is simple. The amino acids in the correct proportions and in adequate amounts reverse this deficiency by supplying the pancreas and intestinal glands with the ingredients necessary to synthesize adequate digestive enzymes to digest the dietary intake. Having the necessary enzymes, the daily food intake is more completely utilized and the transport or carrier proteins are manufactured in suitable amounts and the entire Enzyme Cascade of the body is re-established. This begins within twelve hours! Signs of a lack of enzymes are: fatigue, headaches, sinus problems, allergies, colon problems, arthritis and joint pain, acne, and ADD/ADHDDr. Susan Lark. Every case of fibromyalgia is found to have this deficiency; but so do many other problems. Surely, these children lack needed proteins for enzymes and carriers, and use of a digestive enzyme supplement and additional protein input (including pure amino acidsproline and lysine being particularly important in building collagen) will greatly benefit these children in most cases. Mercury adversely affects detoxification systems such as metallothionein, cytochrome p450 (Phase I) liver enzymes, and bile. Mercury ties up this material so it cannot bind and clear other metals such as lead, cadmium, and aluminum. Mercury inhibits sulfur ligands in MT and, in the case of intestinal cell membranes, inactivates MT that normally binds cuprous ions, thus allowing buildup of copper to toxic levels and malfunction of the zinc and copper containing antioxidant Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD). Mercury induced reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation (forming free radicals) has been found to be a major factor in mercurys neurotoxicity, along with its leading to decreased levels of the vital enzymes glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismustase (SOD). It is this lack of adequate antioxidants that then allows further toxicity and free radical damage. Glyconutrients have proven to enhance glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutaseSugars that Heal, by Emil I. Mondoa, MD, Page 191. Ambrotose AO by Mannatech combines vital glyconutrients with needed antioxidants and precursors that form Glutathione nicely addressing this lack. Metallothioneins across species are rich in cysteine (~30%) and have higher affinities for mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd) than for zinc. Therefore, as Hg and Cd bind to metallothionein, and are restricted from entering the mitochondria, zinc is released. The free, ionized zinc, which would be toxic if permitted to accumulate, binds to a metal regulatory element on the promoter region of the metallothionein gene and turns on the synthesis of metallothionein. Increases of as much as 3-times are reported. Such induction of metallothionein provides increased binding capacity for both toxic metals (protective) and zinc (functional). The displacement of zinc in the presence of toxic metal burden may explain in part why increased levels of zinc are so commonly seen in the scalp hair of patients exhibiting significant levels of toxic metals Hg, Cd, Pb (Quig, unpublished observations). Most of the zinc is cellular with only a small amount in the blood plasma. For this reason, blood tests are a poor indicator of systemic zinc status. Retrospective analysis of the full-blood count and, as far as was available, serum-ferritin measurements of 96 children (52 with autism and 44 with Aspergers syndrome) was undertaken. Six of the autistic group (11.54%) was shown to have iron deficiency anemia and, of the 23 autistic children who had serum ferritin measured, 12 (52.17%) were iron deficient. Only two of the Aspergers group (4.55%) had iron deficiency anemia and, of the 23 children who had their serum ferritin measured, only three (13.64%) showed iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency, with or without anemia, can impair cognition, and is associated with poor muscle strength, and with developmental slowing in infants, and mood changes and poor concentration in children. Furthermore, autistics minerals, fatty acids, and amino acids are deficient and/or imbalanced. Their production of red and white blood cells is irregular. They have a dysfunctional immune system (often attacking self). (A high white blood cell count indicating inflammation, and now seen as a stroke predictor, quickly normalizes when adequate anti-inflammatory enzymes are provided. I recommend Vitalzym from Global Light Network, 888-236-2108. Give my Associate number 516. At the very least, give bromelain in significant amounts.) Eighty percent suffer mitochondrial disorders (lack of energy production) according to Dr. Colemen, George Washington University Hospital. Ninety percent of his patients suffer some degree of hypothyroidism despite normal TSH readings according to Dr. Raphael Kellman, MD, NYC. Eighty-three percent suffer dysfunctional Phase I and II, liver-enzyme activity (causing a build up of toxins and heavy metals), and 85% of autistic meet criteria for malabsorption leading to a multitude of nutrient deficiencies (Wm. Walsh). Both the autistic and the ADHD children often suffer lymphoid modular hyperplasia (measles infection in the gutWakefield). Thus, children with autism do not absorb food properly, leading to nutrient deficiencies. The most common deficiencies of poor diet and malabsorption are fatty acids, the minerals zinc, selenium, magnesium, and calcium, and the vitamins A, B6, C, D, K, and E. There are various reasons, for example, acid foods make selenium insoluble, so babies regularly fed fruit juices are liable to malabsorption of selenium. Do not give selenium with acid juices! These deficiencies compromise immune function, and provide inadequate, antioxidant protection to offset the high, oxidative stress these children suffer, thus causing significant damage to cells throughout the body and brain. Dr. Bill Walsh recently confirmed this: I returned from last weeks DAN Think Tank convinced that the preponderance of evidence now points directly to oxidative stress and oxidative damage as the prime culprit in autism. My definition of autism is the following: A genetic weakness in ability to cope with environmental insults, resulting in severe, oxidative stress, incompetent intestinal and blood-brain barriers, and incomplete maturation of the brain during early development. I may be wrong, but I doubt itEmail to Kathy Blanco, 2/21/04. Mothers are under as much or more stress and need to deal with it as outlined herein. A recent study showed that under oxidative stress conditions, the telomeres, that determine when a cell can no longer reproduce itself and must die, were shortened by oxidative stress, decreasing by at least 10 years ones life expectancy! Another study showed that those who were optimistic had a 55% lower risk of death from all causes, and a 23% lower risk of cardiovascular death! Another study found that those under constant pressure were up to 2-1/2 times more likely to suffer a heart attack than those with relatively stress-free lives. Moms, keep a hopeful, expectant outlook and take care of yourself first! Your family needs you for the full course. An explanation of the why of some of these things is suggested in tests on mice. Since the immune system develops during gestation, maternal zinc deprivation has been studied in mice. The results showed that the offspring born to zinc-deficient dams had a greatly reduced immunocompetence, the lymphoid organs being particularly affected. Another study by the same authors found that this diminished immunocompetence can persist for as long as three generations of normally fed offspring! The problem is inherited, but not genetic! Further studies showed that if the offspring were only moderately deprived of zinc during the latter two-thirds of pregnancy, even this can lead to long-lasting, aberrant patterns of serum IgGa and IgA levels, despite a complete, nutritional rehabilitation beginning at birth. This seems discouraging of recovery, but the possibility of recovery is in therapeutic amounts of vitamin B6 and zinc. Additionally, the powerful antioxidant formula, Ambrotose AO, will greatly enhance that possibility. Having read the above, one may get the impression that all is well with Mom and Dad. Not so! Though a recent study reports that autistic patients are in fact characterized by presenting in their blood high levels of non-inherited antibodies against the bodys own brain tissue, and confirmed that these antibodies were not present in parents, these are still inherited characteristics. Studies show tremendous lack in the American public. Men and women show these deficiencies in astonishingly high numbers: Vitamins Men Women A 8% 9% B1 38% 63% Yes! B2 01% 21% B6 57% 86% Yes! C 29% 24% D 98% 98% Wow! E 40% 60% Pyrophosphate 46% 46% Is it any wonder that Dr. Chandra found that even healthy oldsters were greatly benefited in Immune Function by taking a slightly higher than RDA supplement? A recent study states, These results are the first experimental evidence that iodine deficiency alone results in early developmental defects in the brain. The decreased maturation of the radial glial cells of the CA1 region of the hippocampus is related to the deficiency of thyroid hormones in the fetal brain, mainly caused by the maternal hypothyroxinemia, and not to a deficiency of the trace-element itself. These deficiencies are passed to the children with the above-mentioned results. Is it any wonder our children are less and less healthy and plagued with infections and mental problems? Pottengers Cat Experiments illustrate the genetic tendency principles: In the 1940s Francis M. Pottenger, M.D., began a ten-year study using 900 cats to determine what effects processed foods have on the body, and to examine the genetic propensity of passing degenerative disease traits from generation to generation. The cats were divided into five groups with two of the groups fed raw whole foods and the other three groups ate cooked, enzyme-less foods. The cats were observed over a four-generation period, and the following results were documented: POTTENGER CAT EXPERIMENT SUMMARY GROUPAB CDEFOOD FED Raw meatRaw milk Pasteurized milk Evaporated milk Condensed milk1st GenerationRemained healthyRemained healthyDeveloped diseases and illnesses near end of life2nd Generation Remained healthyRemained healthyDeveloped diseases and illnesses in middle of life3rd Generation Remained healthyRemained healthyDeveloped diseases and illnesses in beginning of life; many died before six months of age; 4th GenerationRemained healthyRemained healthyNo fourth generation was produced: either third generation parents were sterile, or fourth generation cats were aborted before birth Source: Pottenger's Cats, a Study in Nutrition Pottengers cats study gives insight into why children today are getting degenerative diseases that used to only show up in humans at an age of 50 years or older. These genetic weaknesses will get worse with each succeeding generation if they continue an enzyme-less nutrient-poor diet. The study proved that genetic weakness becomes more evident with each generation, but more importantly, that there comes a point when it becomes totally out of control. This is evident in the fourth generation. It took another three generations for third-generation cats placed on a raw food diet to return to base-line health of the first generation! Parents must take care of their health needs before conceiving a child! Those concerned may request my paper Preparation for a Healthy, Happy Child. It is interesting to note that uric acid plays a key antioxidant role in the plasma: uric acid, a peroxynitrite (a dangerous, free radical that contributes to inflammatory processes and hardening of the arteriesChen 2002) scavenger (along with Alpha Lipoic Acid) inhibits CNS inflammation, blood-CNS barrier permeability changes, and tissue damage in a mouse model of multiple sclerosisFASEB J 2000 Apr; 14(5):691-8. Many of these children have low urea/uric acid, possibly reflecting high, oxidative stress. Stress causes the body to use zinc and magnesium, and the resulting lack of magnesium can cause depression, anxiety, sensitivities to light, sounds, temperature, and touch, and to heart problems. The lower levels of magnesium within the cell not only doubles the generation of free radicals, but greatly lowers glutathione, resulting in 40 to 50% more damage! The nutrient deficiencies can occasionally cause extreme behaviors; some children with autism have been reported to have actually gouged out their eyes due to a calcium deficit. If your child is pushing at his eyes, supplement calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D, and get him in the sun. Children with autism have a lot of metabolic abnormalities as indicated, but that is a result of the problems with their immune system. Heavy metals such as mercury induce a dramatic activation of the immune system and autoantibody production in the genetically susceptible. This autoimmune syndrome is dependent on T-Cells, which are important for B-Cell activation and cytokine secretion. Studies have found mercury impairs the bodys ability to kill Candida albicans by impairment of the lytic activity of neutrophils. A population of plant workers with average mercury excretion of 20 ug/g creatinine was found to have long-lasting impairment of neutrophil function. Another study found such impairment of neutrophils decreases the bodys ability to combat viruses such as those that cause heart damage, resulting in more inflammatory damage. Samplings of immune data reveal that most of these autism-spectrum disorder (ASD) children have atypical elevations of antibodies against otherwise common pathogens such as Epstein-Barr virus, Cytomegalovirus, and/or Human Herpes Virus 6 (EBV, CMV, HHV-6), and in some 30%, elevated anti-measles antibodies indicative of chronic infection from measles vaccineKawashima H, Mori T, Kashiwagi Y, Takekuma K, Hoshika A, Wakefield A; Department of Paediatrics, Tokyo Medical University, Japan. Of the 160 autistic children we looked at, only five did not have bowel diseaseWakefield. (Attenuated vaccines contain live viruses that dont usually cause overt disease.) HHV-6 induces synthesis of a broad range of host cell proteins, including interferon alpha, CD4, interleukin-1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Additionally, HHV-6 kills Natural Killer Cells. Human herpesvirus-6, the etiologic (causative) agent of roseola, is ubiquitous, establishes latency in the host, and can infect a variety of immunocompetent cells, with CD4+ T lymphocytes being the targets in which it replicates most efficiently, and HHV-6 has an Immunosuppressive effect...on T-cell functions such as suppression of interleukin-2 synthesis and cell proliferation. HHV-6 is a commensal inhabitant of brains. Various neurologic manifestations, including convulsions and encephalitis, can occur during primary HHV-6 infection, or in immunocompromised patients. HHV6 has been reported within oligodendrocytes and microglia, and focal HHV6encephalitis has been documented. It is considered causative in Chronic Fatigue syndrome (CFS). John OLeary, Ph.D., a world-class researcher and molecular biologist from Ireland, using state of the art sequencing technology, showed how he had found measles virus in the gut of 96% of autistic children, compared to 6.6% of normal children. This virus did not come from the natural disease; it came from the measles vaccine. In addition, Dr. OLeary found measles virus present in 75% of children with Crohns Disease. Crohns has traditionally been an intestinal disease of adults, following years of dietary abuse. Its appearance in children is a new event, and Dr. OLearys work points to measles virus from vaccines as the likely cause. Additionally, Candida, according to antibody studies done at the Atkins Center, is involved in more than 80 percent of all cases of Crohns and Colitis. The Great Plains Laboratory reports Candida metabolites are elevated in about 75% of people with autism, and additionally, about 40% have metabolites to Clostridia bacteria. The Measles pathogenic (disease producing) power is derived from the fact that they can set up persistent infections within various lymph tissues (that of the gut, for example, as shown by Wakefield) as well as within circulating cells of the immune system. Wakefield found that controls had prevalence in the gut of HHV-6 DNA similar to that of those with ulcerative colitis86%! Virus infected monocytes (White Cells) travel freely throughout the body, and have been shown to enter the brain, take up residence there, and secrete cytokines (chemical messengers) toxic to brain tissue. They also serve as foci of infection. It is not uncommon for infants to run fevers and show other signs of acute inflammation after receiving multiple vaccinations. Interferon production is stimulated by infection with a virus to protect the body from super infection by some other microorganism. In this study, vaccination of one-year-old infants with measles vaccine caused a precipitous drop in the level of alpha-interferon produced by lymphocytes. This decline persisted for one year following vaccination, at which time the experiment was terminatedJournal of Infectious Diseases. Thus, this study showed that measles vaccine produced a significant long-term immune suppression. Similarly, the report in the British medical journal Lancet confirmed that a significantly higher percentage of these children had received a DTP shot within 30 days of the onset of polio compared to a control group of children without polio, 43 percent of polio victims compared to 28 percent of controls. The DTP vaccine suppresses the bodys ability to fight off the polio virus. Thus, we have evidence of long-term damage to the immune system from vaccines. Starting at about 4 months, this leads to the infections, antibiotics, more infections, and more vaccines that often precede autism. These chronic viral infections apparently cause the body to sequester mercury and other heavy metals according to clinical experience of Dr. Amy Yasko of Maine. She finds that by eliminating the virus infection and then chelating, even after chelation with DMSA and DMPS showed no remaining mercury, mercury comes pouring out again, and dramatic improvement is noted in the children! Initial Autism Research Findings at Harvard - Massachusetts General Study show that patients undergoing endoscopic procedure all had GI symptoms of pain or diarrhea: Endoscopy Findings: Esophagitis in 23 out of 111 (20%) Gastritis in 14 out of 111 (12%); 4 had Helicobacter pylori Duodenitis in 11 out of 111 (10%); 2 had Celiac Sprue (According to Dr. Buie, all children with ASD should get a blood test for Celiac Sprue before going on a GF diet. Once theyre on the diet, those antibodies are gone.) Eosinophilic Inflammation in 5 out of 111 (5%) Pancreatic Function Testing: Duodenal collection of pancreatic enzymes: 10 out of 90 (11%) had low enzyme activity (This is a very high finding compared to the general population.) 2 out of these 10 (20%) had total pancreatic insufficiency, 5 with multiple enzyme defects Carbohydrate Digestion: Lactase deficiency was found in 55% of ASD children tested, especially in black children Combined deficiency of disacchraridase enzymes was found in 15% Enzyme assays correlate well with hydrogen breath tests Another study showed that 58% of the examined children had disaccharidase/glucoamylase enzyme activities below the normal range. Carbohydrate malabsorption may result in gaseousness with crampy abdominal pain and may be the cause of chronic loose stools. The most frequent finding was a low lactase activity in 14 of the 21 children with pathologic disaccharidase results. All of the 21 children with low enzyme activities had loose stools and/or gaseousness. Do supplement digestive enzymes! Colonoscopy Findings: Colitis was found in 11 of 89 patients (12%), none with features of Ulcerative Colitis or Crohns Histologic (biopsy reviewed) lymphoid nodular hyperplasia was found in 15 of 89 patients (16%) Eosinophilic inflammation was found in 13 of 89 patients (14%); cause or significance is unclear Dr. Tim Buie, lead researcher, states that more than half of these children had treatable gastrointestinal problems that ranged from moderate to severe including esophagitis, gastritis, and enterocolitis along with the lymphoid nodular hyperplasia (measles in the gut). Dr. Sudhir Gupta reports: Complete Immunoglobulin E (IgE) deficiency was seen in 10% of the patients. Almost 20% of the patients had low IgA, and 8% of them had a complete lack of it, which is quite high compared to the general population (1 in 700-1,000). About 25% of the subjects had IgG subclass deficiency. (Positive IgG antibodies to gluten were found in 100% of IgA-deficient persons with biopsy proven celiac disease but who were negative by the endomysial antibody test. These IgG antibodies increase intestinal permeabilityWSL).About 25% of the patients had a deficiency of various subsets of lymphocytes (e.g., CD3, CD4, and CD8 Killer T-Cells). In fact, almost 40% of these autistic children had a deficiency in Natural Killer Cells (Th1 suppressed). In general, the cytokines IL-2 and alpha-interferon are increased, while IL-1 is normal. IgG anti-brain autoantibodies were present in 27% with ASD, and with 2% from healthy children. IgM autoantibodies to the myelin were present in 36% with ASD compared with 0% of controls. The presence of these antibodies raises the possibility that autoimmunity plays a role in the pathogenesis of language and social developmental abnormalities in a subset of children with these disordersSerum autoantibodies to brain in Landau-Kleffner variant, autism, and other neurologic disorders. J Pediatr 1999 May; 134(5): 607-13. Autism may involve autoimmunity to brain. Autistic children, but not normal children, had antibodies to caudate nucleus (49% positive sera), cerebral cortex (18% positive sera), and cerebellum (9% positive sera). Brain stem and hippocampus were negativeNeuroscience Letters Volume 355, Issues 1-2, 23 January 2004, Pages 53-56, Vijendra Singh, et al. It is vital to note that the production of interleukin-4 in the spleen of zinc-deficient mice is depressed, leading to depressed levels of IgE, IgG1, and eosinophils; and that the function of T- cells and antigen-presenting cells is impaired by zinc deficiency as well as by energy restriction. Children with clinical or subclinical vitamin A deficiency also have depressed IgG responses to tetanus toxoid compared with children supplemented with vitamin A. The results of more than three decades of work indicate that zinc deficiency rapidly diminishes antibody and cell-mediated responses. The moderate deficiencies in zinc noted in sickle cell anemia, renal disease, chronic gastrointestinal disorders and Acrodermatitis Enteropathica; subjects with human immunodeficiency virus; children with diarrhea; and the malabsorption of autistic and elderly persons can greatly alter host defense systems leading to increases in opportunistic infections and mortality rates. This is likely because adequate zinc is needed to release vitamin A from the liver. Both vitamin A and zinc deficiency are widespread among our children and parents. These deficiencies have very negative aspects on the immune function. I firmly believe that up to eighty percent (and possibly all) cases of autism are caused by an abnormal immune reaction, commonly known as autoimmunity. The autoimmune process in autism results from a complex interaction between the immune system and the nervous system. Antibodies to measles (rubeola) virus (MV) and human herpes virus-6 (HHV-6) are elevated, which is a sign of a present infection, past infection, or a reaction to the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. The HHV-6 and measles viruses are etiologically linked to autism because they are related to brain autoantibodies and demyelinating diseases. Recently, I conducted a study of measles virus (MV) and HHV-6 in autism....This study showed two things in particular: first, that the virus antibody levels in the blood of autistic children were much higher when compared to normal children; and secondly, the elevated virus antibody levels were associated with the brain autoantibody titer. Interestingly, the viral antibody and brain autoantibody association was particularly true of MV antibody and Myelin-Basic Protein (MBP) autoantibody (i.e., 90 percent of autistic children showed this association). This observation led me to hypothesize that a measles virus-induced autoimmune response is a causal factor in autism, whereas HHV-6, via co-infection, may contribute to the pathophysiology of the disorder. Although as yet unproven, I think it is an excellent working hypothesis to explain autism, and it may also help us understand why some children show autistic regression after the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) immunization. At DAN! 2002 Dr. Singh stated, We measured antibodies to the measles, mumps, rubella, CMV, and human herpesvirus-6 viruses and to our surprise, we found that the antibody level of only the measles virus, but not the other viruses tested was significantly higher in autistic children than in the normal children. In addition we found an interesting correlation between measles antibody and brain autoimmunity, which was marked by Myelin Basic Protein Autoantibodies. The two immune markers correlated in greater than 90% of autistic children, suggesting a causal link of measles virus with autoimmunity in autism. The higher than normal antibody level to the measles virus could be the sign of a present infection, past infection, or an immune reaction to the MMR Vaccine. He added that further study showed a greater than 90% correlation between MMR antibody and MBP autoantibody. There is enormous potential for restoring brain function in autistic children and adults through immunology....The goal of therapy should be to normalize or reconstitute the immune response instead of inducing immune suppression or stimulation. This will maintain a balance within the normal immune response, avoiding major fluctuations of overt immune activity which could be detrimental to the patientExcerpts from Autism, Autoimmunity, and Immunotherapy: a Commentary by Vijendra K. Singh, Ph.D. Department of Biology & Biotechnology Center, Utah State University, Logan Scientific Board Member, Autism Autoimmunity Project. Dr. Singh indicated that two cytokines or immune activation markers, Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and Interferon Gamma (IFN-g), play a very important role in causation of autoimmune disease, that is, they initiate an autoimmune reaction via induction (activation) of Th-1 white blood cells. We have found that these two cytokines are selectively elevated in autistic children, suggesting the induction of autoimmunity via Th-1 cells in autism. Therefore, they should be measured as a sign of altered cellular autoimmunity in patients with autism. It is interesting to note that autoantibodies (antibodies against self) can be induced in older animals by giving them a vaccine! Younger animal will usually react to a vaccination by producing beneficial antibodies, but do we not see the autoantibody reaction in this subset of children called autistic? It has been observed that immune suppression was most profound in infants with the highest antibody responses and was associated with increased numbers of circulating CD8 T-cells, and with increased plasma levels of soluble surface molecules and cellular products associated with immune activations. This delayed immune response allows unwanted microbes to gain a solid foothold before the body mounts its defenses to destroy them. Frighteningly, another study found in animals that this lack of Th1 response of Killer Cells allowed usually harmless viruses to become more virulent creating serious illness. Canadian doctors found this delayed response in individuals with nutritional deficiencies. When provided proper dietary ratios of protein, carbohydrates, and fats for eight weeks, they tested higher on helper T-cells and showed a better overall response to antigens (Chandra 1989). Chandra also showed immune systems of healthy oldsters significantly responded to a multivitamin/mineral supplement. Another study showed that both colostrum and human milk enhanced B-cell response, but formula did not (Juto 1985). Of interest is another study: They then looked for T-cells that recognized these peptides in blood samples from 12 patients and from 12 people who did not have multiple sclerosis. They found that the T-cell that recognized one of the peptides -- corresponding to amino acids 95 to 117 of myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) -- was at least four times more common in the patients blood. There also were enough of these T-cells to cause disease, Trotter says. In contrast, the immune cells of MS patients do not recognize myelin basic protein more frequently than those of people without MS. A new view of multiple sclerosis may arise from the first extensive study of brain tissue from the earliest hours during a bout of the disease. The results, published February 23, 2004, in the advance on-line edition of the Annals of Neurology, suggest that the earliest event is not, as previously believed, a misguided immune system attack on a brain substance called myelin. Instead, the first event appears to be the death of the brain cells that produce myelin (Oligodendrytes), triggering a subsequent immune system mop-up operation to clean up the cells and the myelin, said author John W. Prineas, MBBS, of the University of Sydney in Australia. It is of vital interest to note that the rubella and mumps virus can infect pancreatic islet cells and that the infection can severely reduce levels of secreted insulin. Rubella and mumps disease have been strongly associated with the development of Type I Diabetes. It has been found that 85% of children with Type I diabetes have antibodies against the enzyme that converts glutamic acid into GABA (the GAD enzymeGlutamic Acid Decarboxylase) contributing to the excitotoxicity of excess glutamate. These should avoid MSG/glutamic acid, supplement GABA, magnesium, zinc, and vitamin B6 and work to correct other dietary shortfalls. Usually, the inflammation caused by autoimmunity is treated by suppression of the immune system. This seems to work, but with a high price tag in side effects. It would surely be better to get at the cause. Researchers from Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, and others, recently conducted a study of autoimmune mice. These mice usually get fatal kidney autoimmune disease and die by age 2 months. Those receiving normal dietary amounts of Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a plant compound from cruciferous vegetables, lived to the human equivalent of 120 years! This is the substance found in PhytAloe by Mannatech, Inc. It is probable that this effect is due to the modulation of the process of methylation by the I3C. Methylation decreases with age, is disrupted by autoimmunity, and I3C enhances this life-sustaining process. These vegetables also greatly enhance production of Glutathione and Glutathione Peroxidase that strengthen the immune function and the detoxification capabilities of the body. Reed Warren, et al, mention how the IgA findings relate to infections and report a fascinating double susceptibility in that six of eight autistic kids with low IgA levels also had null alleles of the complement C4b: ...IgA is also important in protection against pathogenic infections and participates in the clearance of pathogens via the alternative complement pathway. C4 proteins [e.g., from the C4a and C4b genes] are involved in the other complement pathway, the classical complement pathway. Therefore, it is interesting that of the eight autistic subjects with decreased IgA levels, all but two also had a C4b null allele suggesting that, in these patients, both pathways of complement activation [and response to infections] are probably operating at less than optimal level. If they are vitamin A deficient are they producing secretory IgA? Many of these children have had recurrent gastrointestinal and/or respiratory infections and otitis media beginning at 15 - 18 months. Adequate vitamin A is needed to produce secretory IgA and to heal ciliated membranes, including those that secrete IgA. To replace your mucous secreting cells, you need vitamin A. To create secretory IgA, you need those cells healthy and these children need vitamin A to rebuild retinoid receptors associated with G-protein all over the body Dr. Mary Megson. A test of thirty-six children revealed grade I or II reflux esophagitis in 25 (69.4%), chronic gastritis in 15 (42%), and chronic duodenitis in 24 (67%). Low intestinal carbohydrate digestive enzyme activity was reported in 21 children (58.3%), although there was no abnormality found in pancreatic function. Seventy-five percent of the autistic children had an increased pancreatico-biliary fluid output after intravenous administration of Secretin (indicating hypersensitivity of the pancreas) Gastrointestinal abnormalities in children with autistic disorder. J Pediatr 1999 Nov;135(5):559-63. Children with autism produce higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines than children without autism. A lack of sleep markedly increases inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-6, with an average of 40-60% increase in men and women. Men observed a 20-30% increase in TNF(a) also. During the progression of Mg deficiency in a rodent model, dramatic increases of inflammatory cytokines were observed particularly in interleukins 1 and 6 (IL-1, IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (In addition to suppressing tumors, excess TNF is known to reduce vascular blood flow, increase oxidative stress, reduce glutathione levels, increase bone resorption, suppress myelin formation, compete with insulin at receptor sites, and induce cell death). An increased production of nitric oxide and of various inflammatory peptidessuch as substance P, CGRP, and VIPis observed in Mg-deficient rats. Our problem is to boost the immune system activity while controlling the proinflammatory activity. Sadeghi, et. al., has demonstrated that coconut oil in combination with fish oil (preferably cod-liver oil [CLO]) decreases levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF(a)) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6), while stimulating production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin-10 (IL-10). Dr. Weston Price observed that a few drops of CLO with a few drops of Butter oil under the tongue revived the ill, but singly they did not! Lauric acid of butter, coconut oil, and Mothers milk improves the function of the Omega-6 pathway, and enables the fatty acids to accumulate in the tissues where the prostaglandins are formed. Vitamin A supplementation in patients with low vitamin A levels resulted in increased interleukin-10 (IL-10) and decreased TNF(a) levels. Autistic children have been shown to exhibit many anomalies in cell-mediated immunity, including abnormal T-cell activation (Warren et al, 1995), decreased relative numbers of helper-inducer lymphocytes, and a lower helper-suppressor ratio. (Denney et al, 1996) These last 2 measures were inversely correlated with severity of autistic symptoms. Cytokines can be reduced by long-chain (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and vitamin A, making cod-liver oil a good choice. This, in turn, results in reduction of the severity of certain autoimmune, inflammatory, and atherosclerotic diseases, and reduces cytokine-induced anorexia (loss of appetite). Autoimmune diseases associated with vitamin A deficiency include rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile arthritis, Lyme disease, systemic lupus, and insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Eskimos, Irish, and Northern European Seacoast dwellers who subsist largely upon fish have lost the Delta-5 and -6 Desaturase enzymes! Thus, if removed from their high fish diets, their prostaglandins are in disarray for want of these enzymes necessary to conversion of Omega6 oils. Could this not be a strong contributing cause to the fact that Autism is at its highest rates among the Northern Europeans and Irish? In other peoples, a high-grain diet and trans-fatty acids shut down Delta-6 Desaturase! Steven Maier, PhD, (Neal Miller Lecture, APA 2001) told how he can disrupt learning and memory in rats by injecting bacteria into rats digestive tracts or by injecting interleukin-1 into their hippocampus. This infection triggers a nonspecific immune response often called the sickness response, because it triggers a series of physiological and behavioral changes, including fever, changes in liver metabolism, reduced food and water intake, reduced sexual activity, reduced exploration, and increased anxiety. It also activates a classic, stress response, releasing stress hormones such as cortisol and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which include interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Immune cells called macrophages, which are the first on the scene of any infection, create these molecules, and experiments showed that they act inside the brain to trigger the sickness response. He also showed that high levels of stress alone could produce these same immune responses and make you sick! Cortisol is a killer of brain cells, but it also drains your immune function and makes you depressed (Excess cortisol suppresses cellular immune responses and destroys immature T-cells)! Chronic stress such as these children (and you Moms) suffer increases behavioral, biochemical, hormonal, physiological, and psychological responses and puts any excess fat on your middle! Further, isolation without social support raises cortisol. Moms, take time to relax and socialize! Do a daily relaxation-meditation exercise. You might want to consider Rhodiola Rosea, an herbal adaptogen that enhances energy and mental functions, and take up to 400 mcg of chromium (not picolinate) that reduces Cortisol by 47%. When cellular immune function (Th1) is decreased, antibodies are greatly increased. Conversely, when cellular immune function is restored, antibodies decrease. These stress hormones decrease antibodies and reduce lymphocytes in both number and strength. The pattern of antibody response also will vary as the antigen load changes qualitatively and quantitatively. I understand this to mean that high antibodies to an antigen indicate a present, heavy load of that infectious agent. (Low lymphocytes and high monocytes may be similarly indicative of chronic infection/inflammation.) In children with these abnormal antibody patterns, selenium supplementation at a dose of 10-mcg/kg bodyweight for six months significantly increased IgG-2 and IgG-4 levels and reduced the number of infections. Both selenium and vitamin E are known to independently stimulate the formation of antibodies. Other symptoms of selenium deficiency may be muscle aches, pains, and weakness, tender thighs, and discomfort in walking. There may be skin problems and infertility. Children may not grow properly. Low blood values of these two immunoglobulin antibodies are associated with intractable seizures. Selenium and vitamin E supplementation have overcome intractable seizures that were resistant to drugs. New Zealand, Finland, and certain counties in China have the lowest selenium in the world. The Northwest, Northeast, and Southeast United states have low levels in the soil. Selenium levels plummet after surgery, injury, infection, blood loss, and with advancing age (Am Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Oct 1979). A lack of selenium induces T3 deficient hypothyroidism. Fish is the richest source of selenium, and selenium binds mercury and excretes it! In workers exposed to fluorine, those with subclinical hypothyrosis [reduced tri-iodothyronine (T3) in 51%] had immune alterations that were more evident. T-lymphocytes count rose, but their functional activity declined, indicating impaired cooperation of immunocytes as a result of imperfect control under low concentrations of T3 (Balabolkin, 1995). Some convert T3 into the inactive reverse T3, and thus have a relative deficiency of the active hormone (Wilsons Syndrome). Their immune system is driving with no brakes! Additionally, in absence of T3, a nerve fiber will not conduct an impulse! Both organic and inorganic fluoride compounds have been shown to inhibit zinc-containing enzymes, such as carbonic anhydrase (Dugad et al 1988,1989; Gelb et al, 1985) that is not only necessary to digestion, but is now used as a marker for thyroid dysfunction (Hori et al, 1998). Fluoride causes damage to the fat in your body (lipid peroxidation), which is counteracted by the antioxidants beta-carotene and superoxide dismutase. In Wilsons Disease, researchers have shown that a persistent copper toxicity can overload and disable MT proteins. Copper is neurotoxic at lower levels than recently thought, and in rabbits, induces accumulation of beta amyloid and senile plaques, the hallmarks of Alzheimers Disease that often affects older autistics. The leading Wilsons Disease therapy involves removal of excessive copper from liver, kidneys, and brain followed by restoration of normal zinc levels. Dr. W. Walsh proposes that the same treatment may be affective in treating autism. Elevated serotonin levels have been consistently found in 30%-50% of autistic patients, and may represent a marker for familial autism. Hyperserotonemia in autism appears to be due to enhanced 5-HT uptake, as free 5-HT levels are normal and the current report of an excess of the long/long 5-HTTLPR genotype in autism could provide a partial molecular explanation for high platelet serotonin content in autismPMID: 11378854. Serotonin synthesis is decreased in the brains of autistic children and increased in autistic adults, relative to age-matched controls (Chugani et al, 1999), while whole blood serotonin in platelets is elevated regardless of age (Leboyer; Cook, 1990). One study reports that a decrease in cortical 5-HT2A receptors is the main neurochemical event underlying the impairing effect of hypothyroidism on 5-HT neurotransmission (Kulikov et al, 1999). Dr. Ward Dean, MD, states that 5-HTP does not raise peripheral levels of serotonin as it is converted to serotonin in the brain. This would seem to provide a solution to the need for enhanced serotonin in the brains of children while restricting it in the blood stream. Adequate magnesium would prevent premature destruction in the synapse also contributing to increased presence in the brain. Researchers have found a mutation in the human serotonin transporter gene, hSERT, in unrelated families with OCD. A second variant in the same gene of some patients with this mutation suggests a genetic double hit, resulting in greater biochemical effects and more severe symptoms. Interviews of the patients families revealed that 6 of the 7 individuals with the mutation had OCD or OC personality disorder and some also had anorexia nervosa, Aspergers syndrome, social phobia, tic disorder, and alcohol or other substance abuse/dependence. The combination of these changes, both of which increase serotonin transport, may explain the unusual severity and treatment resistance of the illnesses in the subjects and their siblings. This is probably the first report of a modification in a transporter gene resulting in a gain rather than a decrease in function, said NIMH Director Thomas Insel, M.D. SERT allows neurons, platelets, and other cells to accumulate the chemical neurotransmitter serotonin, which affects emotions and drives. Neurons communicate by using chemical messengers, like serotonin, between cells. The transporter protein, by recycling serotonin back into the neuron, regulates its concentration in a gap, or synapse, and thus its effect on a receiving neurons receptor. Transporters are important sites for agents that treat psychiatric disorders. Drugs that reduce the binding of serotonin to transporters (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs) are used to treat mental disorders. About half of patients with OCD are treated with SSRIs, but those with the hSERT gene defect do not seem to respond to them, according to the study. Any vulnerability to OCD from gene effects most likely interacts with events in the environment like stresses, gender, and treatments, Murphy said. A related study, reported in the August 2003 Molecular Pharmacology, tested consequences of the hSERT variant. Researchers found that the I425V mutation of hSERT increased the transport activity of this protein, capturing more serotonin and most likely reducing effects at the receiving neuron's receptors, outperforming the common transporter. The mutant molecule was not regulated normally, and did not respond to cell signals that activate the common form of the transporter. Finally, these kids are hypersensitive to everything: sound, light, touch, and colors. Typically, bright yellow will drive them up the wall leading to all sorts of aberrant behavior. This sensitivity is usually related to a deficiency of vitamin B6, zinc, and magnesium. It can be from a G-protein defect. First of all, it seems important to discriminate between the two types of magnesium deficit: magnesium deficiency and magnesium depletion. In the case of magnesium deficiency, the disorder corresponds to an insufficient magnesium intake. It merely requires oral, physiological magnesium supplementation (5mg/kg). In the case of magnesium depletion, the disorder that induces magnesium deficit is related to a dysregulation of the control mechanisms of magnesium metabolism, either failure of the mechanisms that insure magnesium homeostasis or intervention of endogenous or iatrogenic, perturbating factors of the magnesium status. Magnesium depletion requires more or less specific correction of its causal dysregulation. Although acute and chronic magnesium deficiencies are specifically reversible through oral magnesium supplementation with physiological doses, the experimental and clinical symptoms may differ. The typical pattern of chronic magnesium deficiency is latent, whereas overt signs are observed in acute magnesium deficiency. The discrepancy between the patent and latent nervous forms of magnesium deficiency suggests that in the latent form there are compensatory factors that antagonize the nervous hyperexcitability (NHE) observed in the overt formThe main mediated compensatory factor is taurine (TA) with the help of its peptidic congener: L-glutamyl taurine (GTA)When these direct and mediated compensatory factors are effective, Nervous Hyperexcitability (NHE) remains latent. It is patent when compensatory factors are insufficient. A pharmacological load of Mg (10mg/kg) increases release of calcitonin and nitric oxide (NO). In contrast, physiological Mg supplementation (5mg/kg), far from acting similarly, reduces high levels of calcitonin (as well as of calcitonin gene-related peptide, and of Nitric Oxide released in the case of Mg deficiency)Mg-deficient animals show an increased susceptibility to in-vivo oxidative stress, and the tissues of these animals are more susceptible to in vitro peroxidation, affecting lipids particularlyMg deficiency frequently alters protein biosynthesis and induces enzymatic hypoactivity...Protein oxidation in Mg-deficient rat brains occurs early. A significant increase of protein carbonyls is observed within 2 to 3 weeks on a Mg-deficient dietThese changes take place prior to any detectable tissue damage, dysfunction, or changes in cellular glutathione. Mg deficiency may increase formation of free radicals directly, but also indirectly through free-radical-triggered mechanismsNHE due to Mg deficiency mainly depends on modifications in the turnover of several neuromediators and neuromodulators. They associate an increased turnover of the monoamines: serotonin (5HT), acetylcholine, catecholamines (dopamine and noradrenaline, mainly), and of excitatory amino acids (aspartic and glutamic acids, mainly) with a decreased turnover of inhibitory amino acids (-amino butyric acid [GABA] and taurine, mainly) (magnesium acts as an inhibitor of neurotransmitter destructionWSL)Neuromuscular hypoexcitability due to hypermagnesemia only occurs when plasma Mg is more than twice normal levelsWith all the psychometric evaluations, and with the DSM III R interview particularly, the clinical pattern induced through Mg deficiency was always neurotic (for example: generalized anxiety, panic-attack disorders, and depression) but never psychotic. Neuroses are preeminently conditioning factors for stress. Neuroses may therefore very frequently produce secondary Mg depletion. This whole series of metabolic problems in the autistic child causes a homeostatic alteration that produces biological stresses that starts from within the child. The level of stress controls many variations of behavior, and these children (and their Moms) are stressed to the breaking. Animals fed high levels of excitotoxic glutamate have lower thyroid hormone levels and higher cortisone levels than normal. Glutathione levels are also reduced. Glutamate is presently excessive in canned soups and in restaurant, prepared, and frozen entrees. Aspartame (NutraSweet) has the same effect. Additionally, stress reduces the conversion of thyroid hormone T4 to the more active T3. Stress is the cause of hyponeofagia, the aversion to trying new foods. This limited alimentary choice disappears in animals given anti-stress therapy. Teeth grinding, also known as bruxism, is a well-known, stress symptom. It is present in a high percentage of cases, and it too responds to antistress therapies such as relaxation-meditation exercises, massage, and supplementation of 200-400 mcg of chromium (for adults, half that for children. Chromium reduces the stress hormone, cortisol, that in excess, severely depresses the immune system and kills neurons by the millions. Corticosteroids and endogenous cortisol suppress cellular immune responses and cortisol destroys immature T-cells. Poor immune response is something found in all autistic children. Animal experiments and human studies have demonstrated that the first phase of marginal chromium deficiency manifests itself by slightly elevated circulating insulin levels in response to glucose loading. Largely due to an increased hormone production, in this phase, most insulin-dependent, physiological functions tend to remain intact. The second phase, well characterized in both animal experiments and human studies, begins to show signs of the metabolic disorders associated with low chromium intake that includes significantly abnormal glucose fluctuations and disturbances in lipid metabolism. The final phase of inadequate chromium intake manifests itself by a marked insulin resistance to glucose loading, resembling a diabetes-like syndrome, which eventually leads to an exhaustion of pancreatic insulin production and ultimately to the development of insulin-dependent diabetes. Research has already established that insulin-dependent diabetic children exhibit a significantly lower hair chromium concentration compared to controls. Other studies have found that chromium absorption and excretion in diabetics is two to four times greater than in healthy individuals. Also, subjects who died with diabetes had significantly lower hepatic chromium concentration compared to non-diabetics. A new study conducted by Dr. John Vincent at the University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa shows that chromium picolinate enters the cells directly and stays therewhere it can cause problems (picolinate is an effective carrier, and it takes too much into the cellWSL). In fact, the chromium picolinate reacts with vitamin C and other antioxidants in the cells to produce a reduced form of chromium capable of causing mutations in DNA, the genetic material (potentially causing cancer). Its the combination of chromium and picolinate (particularly the reduced form) that can produce dangerous compoundsnot the chromium alone. Moreover, the picolinate eventually breaks off and has adverse effectsUC Berkeley Wellness Letter, June 1999. Choose GTF Chromium, or Chromium in combination with niacin. Lest you be concerned about the safety of Chromium itself, Dr. Richard Anderson, researcher with the US Department of Agriculture, who has studied Chromium for over 20 years, states, If I had diabetes, Id take 200 mcg at least two or three times daily. He personally takes over 200 mcg per day. Studies in China have used 1000 mcg per day with good results in Type II diabetes. It is most effective when combined with Niacin. With a high aluminum (Al) diet alone, Al content in the nervous system in rats showed no difference with a control group although serum Al was high. No degenerative process was observed. However, with an insufficient intake of Mg, the same Al load induced an increase in Al and calcium concentrations in the nervous system and neurodegeneration with precipitation of insoluble hydroxyapatites (calcium)The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, is believed to regulate the functions of all the other glands of the body. It is the gland through which magnesium works as a prime component of pituitary secretions to regulate the functioning of the other glands. If magnesium is not available or the pituitary is not functioning properly, the body will suffer symptoms of a magnesium deficiency or a pituitary malfunction, depending on how you look at itFluoride bonds with magnesium in the blood into the insoluble magnesium fluoride. This means that the magnesium cannot be assimilated by the pituitary, with the consequent failure of the pituitary to function properly that leads to the symptoms of magnesium deficiencyIt is necessary to highlight the curative and preventive importance of oral, physiological, maternal, Mg supplementation, not only during pregnancy but also in the child throughout life from infancy to older age, to possibly prevent the so-called constitutional factor of neurolability, some cases of sudden infant death syndrome, infantile convulsions, or psychiatric diseases, and even in adult cardiovascular diseases and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.Mineral and Metal Neurotoxicology, ed. M. Yasui, M .J. Strong, K. Ota, & M. A. Verity, CRC Press, 1997. The lack of magnesium with high calcium and aluminum has been confirmed in the brains of Alzheimers victims and of all other neurological diseases such as Lou Gehrigs! Aluminum not only inhibits the enzyme that produces acetylcholine, but it prevents magnesium from entering the neuron. This produces a condition in which the brain suffers from magnesium depletion while the rest of the body may have normal magnesium! Without magnesium, the NMDA receptor has no protection against excessive glutamate, which leads to damage through excitotoxicity! A lack of magnesium in the brain enhances the damage of aluminum and mercury, and is a major factor in Alzheimers. Low energy available to the cell [hypoglycemia, poor blood supply to portions of the brain, a high metabolic rate, strenuous exercise (especially for more than an hour), or a failure of energy production by the mitochondria of the cells] and/or low magnesium in the spinal cord and brain makes cells highly vulnerable to excitotoxic (aspartates, glutamates, MSG, amphetamines) damage. Additionally, excess glutamate lowers the glucose allowed into the brain by 35% (lead also decreases glucose uptake)! One must restrict the amount of MSG, flavor enhancers, and aspartates in the diet. This toxicity can manifest itself as anxiety or confusion, and as episodes of anger! These nutrients have been shown to be protective against this damage (listed in probable order of importance): Vitamin B6, Magnesium, Manganese, Zinc, the amino acids Theanine (from Green Tea), N-acetylcarnitine or L-Carnitine, Glutathione, NADH, CoQ10, Alpha Lipoic Acid, vitamins C, E, and K, the drug Deprenyl (an MAO-B inhibitor), Melatonin, the amino acids glycine and taurine, omega-3 oils (CLO), and lithium. When the pituitary is not getting the magnesium it needs, it fails to control the adrenals that then overproduce adrenaline (a major stress hormone). It is known that danger incites the activity of the adrenal glands, but anxiety or worry also incite the adrenal glands, which then pour hormones through the body that increase heartbeat, release sugar from the liver, and contribute to a host of problems not the least of which is hyperexcitability and an inability to cope. Theanine is believed to influence the production of alpha waves in the brain, for it generates a sense of deep relaxation and mental alertness in humans (Mason 2001). It is believed to exert a positive effect on formation of Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that is an offset to the Excitotoxins mentioned above. The supplementing of Theanine and magnesium with vitamin B6 would surely prove beneficial. Only Suntheonine by Taiyo International, Inc is recommended. Magnesium protects the cell from aluminum, mercury, lead, cadmium, beryllium, and nickel, and gives significant protection against excitotoxins. Evidence is mounting that low levels of magnesium contribute to the heavy metal deposition in the brain that precedes Parkinsons, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimers. Lead toxicity disrupts the blood-brain barrier allowing heavy metals and toxic substances, including MSG, glutamate, and other excitotoxins, into the brain; however, it is vital to note that children do not really have a blood-brain barrier. It develops slowly, coming to maturity at maturity. Thus, it is probable that low total body magnesium contributes to heavy metal toxicity in children and is a participant in the etiology of learning disorders. As indicated above, if you have low taurine you cant hold on to magnesium, and you need it for detoxification and protection against excitotoxins. Taurine increases bilirubin and cholesterol excretion in bile, critical to normal gallbladder function and fat digestion. Additionally, in Parkinsons, specific damage found in Substantia Niger that is not affecting other areas, such as high iron and zinc, low NADH (Complex I activity), evidence of free-radical damage, and significantly lower levels of glutathione, indicate a weakness of this area to damage. Taurine is protective of these areas against damage by excitotoxins. What comes first? It has been shown in early stages that the other values are basically normal, with NADH being only slightly reduced, but the powerful antioxidant glutathione is drastically low! In autism, typically, glutathione levels are 1/3 normal! It has been known for many years that 20% to 40% of patients treated chronically with certain tranquilizers (neuroleptics) will develop Parkinsons. One of the worst offenders is Haloperidol, frequently prescribed for autistic children! This is a powerful inhibitor of Complex I activity, having been shown to reduce activity in Platelets as much as 42%! By using nutritional supplements, where indicated, to increase mitochondrial energy production, the neurons are protected against excitotoxic injury. Both L-carnitine and N-acetylcarnitine can by-pass the defect in Complex I that is seen in Parkinsons and Huntingtons diseases. Riboflavin, niacinamide, thiamine, alpha lipoic acid, carnitine, and vitamin K all improve mitochondrial energy production. Additionally, researchers at the University of Oregon claim that the combination of acetyl-carnitine and alpha lipoic acid has made an incredible difference in aging rats. They were far more energetic, they learned new tasks more easily, and their short-term memory drastically improved. A major task for Carnitine is to balance the secretions of the bodys key hormones, adrenaline and insulin. People who take Carnitine are much more easily able to transform fats into energy, and the level of fatty acids and triglycerides in their blood diminishes in direct proportion to the amount of Carnitine taken. There were significant increases in HDL (Rossi 1982), there is reduced heart irregularities (Singh 9196), and increased heart function (Davini 1992), with dramatic increase in exercise tolerance (Kobayashi 1992). Additionally, recent research has associated an excessive aluminum concentration in the brain structure, in some people suffering from Alzheimers disease, despite this toxic element having a low permeability of the blood-brain barrier, suggesting that some form of membrane defect may permit the excessive influx of aluminum into the brain. It is already known that an adequate zinc supply is necessary to maintain the integrity of all biological membranes. For example, it was found, when experimenting with rats fed with sub-optimal zinc, that aluminum concentrations increased three-fold in the frontolateral cortex and eight-fold in the hippocampus. This aluminum is relatively harmless unless there is mercury there also. Therefore, it has been suggested, that a reason for Alzheimers disease could be suboptimal zinc nutriture, leading to leaky blood-brain barrier and thereby to increased transfer of aluminum and other toxins (including mercury) into the brain. Autistic children are universally lacking in zinc and magnesium, and show toxic levels of aluminum and mercury. Those mercury poisoned are notoriously low on vitamin B1. Scary. Dr. Derek Birchall reported that in Atlantic salmon exposed to acidic water containing high levels of aluminum, but low levels of silica, the gills of the fish were severely damaged. However, with high amounts of silica in the water, the fish remained healthy. Rats on a low-silicon diet accumulated aluminum in the brain. Those on a high-silicon diet did not. Research shows that a magnesium deficiency, such as in Diabetes, can produce pain that is only relieved by replenishing magnesium. This can be difficult when taurine is deficient or when the oral magnesium overstimulates the bowel. I have found a remarkable solution to that problem of oral magnesium, a magnesium glycerol or oil used transdermally. Order Essence of Life Magnesium Oil from Global Light Network, (888) 236-2108 (give my Affiliate Number 516). Shop on-line at www.global-light-network.com/store/shopaff.asp?affid=516. Mr. David Dartez has generously offered a discount price of only $120.00 to all who order a gallon. Eight-ounce, spray bottles sell for $20.00. This is magnesium chloride from concentrated seawater. It can be rubbed on several times a day (after a warm bath is most effective), or used in bath water. I have seen it quickly relieve pain in a diabetic. Many others, not diabetic, testify to this experience. These above-enumerated, medical facts show that every symptom of these dear children is treatable! These kids are sick. They are not usually brain damaged. What seems to be occurring is an immune-mediated, abnormal shut down of blood flow in the temporal lobe area of the brain, and therefore an interference with central nervous system function. Total brain perfusion is significantly decreased in autism subjects (range, 58% to 72% of controls). In addition to the globally decreased perfusion, the autism group also had regionally decreased flow in the right lateral temporal and right, left, and midfrontal lobes compared with controls. Additionally, there are many critical deficiencies such as vitamin B6, zinc, and magnesium, and heavy metals are blocking many enzymatic functions. Removing heavy metals and restoring blood flow should be a priority. This paper is not meant as a medical prescription, nor do all the conditions and suggested interventions apply to every child. You must study this paper until you see your childs face in it, and then use the parts that are applicable to him. In all instances, it is good to consult with your nutritionally-oriented professional when making any major nutritional changes. Immune 101 There are three major classes of Immune Cell types: granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are divided into three subgroups: B-Cells, T-cells, and Natural Killer Cells. T-cells are divided into CD4, helper cells, CD8, suppressor cells, and cytotoxic, CD8, Killer T-cells. That is, they show the Cluster Determinant (CD) glycoproteins on their surface. During the first two years of life, a delicate one-to-one ratio between CD4 (helper) and CD8 (suppressor) cells forms. CD4/CD8 ratios that do not equal 1:1 are indicative of abnormal immune systems. All these produce cytokines, chemical messengers that tell the other cells what to do. Cytokines, also called growth factors, are the common language of the immune, hormonal, and nervous systems regulating the growth and development of cells and tissues. Scientists state that: Stimulation of the developing immune system (by early childhood diseasesWSL) can prevent auto-immunity with clinical evidence proving that immune stimulation prevents auto-immune disease by up-regulating growth factors that bring the body back into balance with normal cell-to-cell communication. Growth factors are biologically active, biochemically well-characterized, small proteins (cytokines) that regulate cell growth, repair, renewal, and cell death throughout the body, including the developing nervous and immune systems. Growth factors need not enter cells to exert their effects upon DNA and cellular activities because they use specific cell receptors that carry their signals into the genes. Specific growth factors, such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGFB) play critical roles early in the four-stage, cell cycle during what is called G1 phase. These growth factors determine the cells fate by regulating what genes are turned on or off. If a gene is turned on, it will be read and its message translated into protein. If a gene is turned off, its message will remain dormant. Many viruses compete for the same DNA gene regulatory (transcription) sites as growth factors do since viruses need to overcome the growth factors control of the cells fate so that the virus can multiply and infect more cells. Growth factors contribute to healthy communication between the protective systems in the body, such as the nervous, immune, and hormonal systems. If growth factors do not work appropriately, there is aberrant cell-to-cell communication throughout the body, and a type of chaos ensuesDr. Barbara Brewitt, Chief Science Officer, Biomed Comm, Inc. The CD4+, lymphocyte helper-cell activities are divided into Th1 (Cell-mediated immunity), and Th2 (humoral immunity). Th1 is the first-line of defense primarily against viral, fungi, and protozoa, while Th2 helps the B-cells to produce antibodies. The T-cells are separated into these two classes depending upon the specific cytokines the cells secrete in response to antigenic stimulation. Th1 cells primarily produce interferon (IFN) and interleukin-2 (IL-2), whereas Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13. The two helper T-cell classes also differ by the type of immune response they produce. While Th1 cells tend to generate responses against intracellular parasites such as bacteria and viruses, Th2 cells produce immune responses against helminths and other extracellular parasites. Interestingly, the cytokines produced by each Th subset tends to both stimulate production of that subset, and inhibit development of the other subset. Th1 and Th2 represent two, separate, counterbalancing functions of the immune system, and problems occur when they are out of balance. After a strong Th1 response to infection gets on top of the search-out-and-kill activity, Interleukin 4 and 10 promotes a change of a class of antibody (IgG1) produced by memory cells, and suppresses the activity of the killer cells and starts to shut down the Th1 immune response. The production of memory cells is dependent on this strong Th1 immune response. For example: the immunological action taken against a primary attack of measles is primarily Th1, with a later back-up by a Th2 antibody that is dependent on the initial Th1 response, and then a dampening down of the Th1 system by the Th2 antibody. However, These alterations support the hypothesis that the immunologic alterations induced by immunization do activate type-2 cell responses leading to improved antibody production, while suppressing type-1, T-cell responses leading to reduced lymphoproliferation. (JID 1996, Vol 173, pg 1324-1325) Do you understand the implications of this? There are plenty of antibodies at the expense of the ability to search-and-destroyto fight other infections. This is the keythe difference between natural Th1, and vaccine induced Th2 immunityand yet, some fail to show antibodies even when vaccinated and boosted and revaccinated! Could that be because they had no sufficient Th1 response? Possibly, but magnesium deficiency has been shown to decrease antibody production, and lymphocytes, the bodys defense against invaders, are inhibited by magnesium deficiency, and most of these children are deficient in magnesium. To avoid rejection of the fetus, a Mothers immune system shifts quickly to Th2, and the baby is born with this skew to Th2. After the baby is born, the healthy mothers immune system changes back to normal Th1 dominance very quickly, and breast milk quickly starts the process of changing the babys balance towards Th1 dominance. The vaccinated Mothers immune function is likely to stay Th2 predominant, robbing her of her natural immunity to infections and allergies, and she passes this skewed system to her baby! The poor, bottle-fed child gets no help at all to restore Th1. Its most revealing to learn that the same insult given to those of different genetic makeup will cause some to have a Th1 response, whereas others will have a Th2 response! The ratio of these two is determined by the balance of adrenal steroids, notably cortisol and DHEA. Since cortisol is an antagonist of DHEA (and vice versa), stress-induced cortisol production shifts the number of CD4+ lymphocytes to predominantly Th2 expression. Excess cortisol also impairs liver detoxification, allowing buildup of environmental and physiological toxins. Thus, even a potentially Th1-inducing virus may fail to induce Th1 during a time of stressLancet, 1997, Volume 349, pg 1832. When Th1 is diminished, Th2 predominates leading to a host of chronic diseases. Conditions are pro viral, pro Candida. The chronic viral infection, whether measles or other, cannot be cleared as long as this bias exists. Additionally, and somewhat frightening are the studies that show when the Th1 is suppressed, viral infections can mutate and a relatively harmless virus will become virulent enough to overcome the ineffeective Th2 system and cause serious illness or death! Furthermore, Candida can enhance Th2. This increases IgE, causing Candida to really flourish. An IgE reaction can cause an immediate reaction, hives, itching, or throat constriction, that can be life threatening, so keep a yellow box of Alka-Seltzer Gold on hand for it will often stop a reaction (1 tablet age 6-12, two tablets 12 and up). The Th1 (cellular) response is the most important in controlling candida. Studies show an increase in Th1 cells and activity is associated with enhanced yeast clearance. When a healthy individual develops a compromised cellular immune response, there is a strong likelihood of developing a yeast infection that will be resistant to antifungal therapy. When the cellular immune function is repaired, candida overgrowth tends to disappear. Removal of mercury is one example of this. Modulating the immune function with Ambrotose AO and PhytAloe from Mannatech, Inc., the use of a thymus glandular and a good multivitamin/mineral supplement to support the thymus, supplemental vitamin E and fish oil, and the use of Transfer Factor all support the return to Th1 dominance and control of candida and viruses. Direct action against the candida, viruses, and bacteria to reduce their load is also highly desirable. Please make every effort to balance and support the immune system as outlined herein! One of the things primarily responsible for maintaining the balance is a healthy balance of gut microflora. When beneficial microflora are depleted or destroyed youre going to become more Th2 dominant, and have more tendencies towards allergies, and asthma. A strong presence of IgE in the blood is evidence of prominent Th2 activity and of a deficiency of vitamins B6 and E. Elevated IgE is associated with a history of numerous allergies. Often, the detrimental effects of Candida are from an allergic reaction to the yeast as well as from a reaction to its toxins. Antifungals alone may not overcome the problem until Candida extract is administered. Allergies are indicative of an overactive (reactive) immune system. So, if you have high IgE, suspect that Candida and stress are at work, and supplement zinc, vitamin B-complex and vitamin E. IgE mediated allergies have disappeared with removal of mercury. The authors concluded that thymus extract was useful in modulating IgE dysregulation in atopic children (Cavagni 89). Other studies have shown a general improvement in the overall condition of atopic children receiving thymus extracts (Kouttab 89, Kaliuzhnaia 90). The addition of calcium and vitamins A and D are indicated where there is asthma and allergies. Stress is a major factor in the Th2 skew, and is considered a major cause of depression. Any type of stress raises a hormone called cortisol and a secondary hormone called epinephrine (adrenaline), your stress hormones, and this will make you more Th2 dominant and more prone to allergic type situations. Cortisol will put a tire of fat on the belly and hips, and, in excess, it damages and kill neurons. It also decreases levels of growth factors needed for brain cells to thrive, and it reduces levels of serotonin needed to promote neurogenesis (growth of new neurons). A diet high in refined carbohydrates is going to alter the slow hormonal collective which includes cortisol, epinephrine, and insulin and create a Th2 dominance. Adrenal exhaustion will promote a cytokine shift from Th1 to Th2. Additionally, there are chemicals and heavy metals, such as mercury, that will make you more Th2 dominant. To reduce stress-produced cortisol by 47%, give the child 100-200 mcg of chromium each day (200-400 mcg for adults). A 45-minute massage (back rub?) will give a like reduction. Chromium alone may not be effective without adequate niacin being present, so supplement niacin also. Solaray, Inc. makes Chromiacin that also eliminates the infamous niacin flush. Magnesium, vitamins B6 and C, and pantothenic acid also reduce cortisol and should be supplemented. In case you missed it, this is saying reduce stress, or how you relate to it, take 200 mcg of chromium with niacin, with magnesium, pantothenic acid, and vitamins A, B6, and C, and support the adrenals. One study shows that glutathione levels in antigen-presenting cells determine whether Th1 or Th2 response patterns predominate. Raising glutathione levels has been shown to alter the cytokine balance in favor of a Th1 immune responseThe immune system, Peterson, JD, et al., 1998. A new way to increase glutathione quickly is with a transdermal lotion from Kirkman. Another interesting way has been developed to aid those with respiratory problems. Doctors at the Tahoma Clinic have observed remarkable improvements in many with chronic bronchitis or with emphysema who used 60 mg of nebulized, inhaled glutathione two times daily. If you have a problem metabolizing sulfur this may cause your body to accumulate too much sulfite, creating a wheezing symptom, among others. For an appointment with a physician at Tahoma Clinic, call (253) 854-4900. For a doctor in your area, inquire at (800) 532-3688. furthermore, to reverse emphysema and bronchitis supplement Retinoic acid (vitamin A). Additionally, when patulin, a sulfhydryl-binding chemical that conjugates glutathione rendering it unavailable for monochlorobimane (mBCl) interaction, was applied to cells that were treated with the glyconutrient Ambrotose AO by MannatechH, , the glyconutrients protected the cells from glutathione depletion. This shows the potential of glyconutrients to not only increase glutathione production as reported elsewhere, but to protect it from loss leaving twice as much glutathione availableProceedings of the Fisher Institute for Medical Research, November 1997, Page 14. Do you recognize the significance of this? Mercury, cadmium, lead, and arsenic are sulfhydryl-binding agents that destroy glutathione! Ambrotose RAO by Mannatech protects against the loss of glutathione by as much as 50%! Additionally, glyconutrients boost the workings of the immune system, including increasing the production of the enzyme glutathione synthetase in cells, which, in turn, produces the powerful antioxidant, glutathione. adding glyconutrients can protect kidneys from the damage that antibiotics sometimes cause, particularly in immune-compromised or older adults.Sugars that Heal by Dr. Emil I. Mondoa, MD. The sulfhydryl-reactive metals (mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic) are particularly insidious, and they can affect a vast array of biochemical and nutritional processes. The pro-oxidative effects of the metals are compounded by the fact that the metals also inhibit antioxidative enzymes and deplete intracellular glutathione. The metals also have the potential to disrupt the metabolism and biological activities of many proteins due to their high affinity for free sulfhydryl groupsCysteine Metabolism and Metal Toxicity by David Quig Ph.D. Methyl mercury has a high affinity for sulfhydryl groups, which contributes to its effect on enzyme dysfunction. Cadmium (major source is white flour products) targets the kidneys causing, among other things, generalized wasting of amino acids and deficient metabolism of vitamin D leading to rickets and osteomalacia. Additionally, studies show that increasing vitamin A intake interferes with the bodys absorption of vitamin D, so one must ensure adequate intake of vitamin D. Adults, especially those living North of the 33rd parallel, must take 2000 to 4000 IU vitamin D daily. The higher figure is for those over age 40. Children receiving vitamin D supplementation from age 1 year old had an 80% decreased risk of developing type-1 diabetes. Getting your vitamin A and D from cod-liver oil solves the problem. One enzyme that is inhibited by heavy metals is choline acetyl transferase that is involved in the final step of acetylcholine production. There has been observed a marked decrease in acetylcholine often reaching less than one fifth of normal concentration contributing to the signs and symptoms of motor dysfunction. This probably accounts for the report that 70% of autistic children show high choline. Cadmium also appears to inhibit sulfhydryl-containing enzymes so that relatively low doses depress levels of norepinephrine, serotonin, and acetylcholine. The major consequence of reduction of acetylcholine in the hippocampus area is a short-term memory disturbance. This can become a major source of incomplete understanding of communication with other people, which may contribute to illogical, antisocial, and irritable behavior. The main cause of the reduction of acetylcholine is a result of the abnormally accumulated, excessive deposits of metal such as Al, Pb, and Hg. When these metals were removed, acetylcholine suddenly increased towards a normal level, and often increased to more than two or three times the pre-treatment concentrationAbnormal Deposits of Al, Pb, iron, and Hg in the Brain, particularly in the Hippocampus, as One of the Main Causes of Decreased Cerebral Acetylcholine, Electromagnetic Field Hypersensitivity, Pre-Alzheimers Disease, and Autism in Children...Source: Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research, 2000, Vol. 25 Issue 3/4, p230, 3p. Author: Omura, Yoshiaki AN: 5974837 ISSN: 0360-1293. Supplementing choline to enhance acetylcholine (using lecithin) may be contraindicated in seizure prone children. EMF exposure from electrical power lines, telephone relay stations, air travel, fluorescent lights, computer terminals, and household appliances have been found to cause high levels of stress. According to Dr. Hans Selye, eighty percent of illness in high-tech societies is stress related accounting for up to 90% of doctor visits and 50% of absenteeism from work. Parents of special needs children are stressed to breaking, as are the children themselves. During stress reactions the gut is passively permeable for many substances that are normally rejected. For example, oral adrenalin and histamine are toxic to an animal under stress, but are not normally toxic. Horse serum, given by mouth, is sensitizing when an animal has first been stressed, but normally it is not. Endogenous metabolites that do not normally produce immune reactions will do so under stress (Selye, 1950). A new study shows that 60-hertz signals from these common household appliances damage DNA of the brain, even breaking both strands! Melatonin levels are reduced by EMF, and the heart rate is also affected adversely. Tests were also made on cell phones. Researchers were surprised to see that the EEG of teens was affected adversely for eight hours after only a few minutes conversation using the phone. Tests show that using the phone in the evenings will disrupt normal sleep patterns! ONLY a microwave gives a stronger milligauss output, and we foolishly hold that tiny destructor to our ears for hours! Thus, EMF stress causes fatigue, sleep problems, and even coagulation of the blood cells (easily seen in live-cell photography) reducing circulation. Even the activity of white cells is affected adversely. Hand-held computer games produce frontal lobe abnormalities, while media and video games affects behavior, violence, and suicide. Researchers gave some rats drugs that either neutralize free radicals or decrease free iron before exposing the animals to the electromagnetic field. Both treatments effectively blocked the effects of the fields and protected the rats brain-cell DNA from damage! It seems that one should continuously detoxify heavy metals with cilantro, garlic, melatonin, zinc, and selenium, and supply a significant antioxidant supplement like Ambrotose AO (that also detoxifies). The result of the above mentioned loss of acetylcholine is to create a relative excess of dopamine. Cigarette smoke (including secondhand smoke) reduces MAO (B), an enzyme that breaks down dopamine and other chemicals, compromising the ability to deactivate potentially harmful substances. Additionally, zinc and magnesium deficiencies can lead to a significant elevation in brain catecholamines, including dopamine. The result may be an out-of-control, panic-stricken child suffering Environmental (Exposure) Anxiety. This behavior is often dramatically controlled by _ to _ mg Risperdal. Its better to build acetylcholine, though this may be difficult in view of cadmium suppressing the needed enzyme. Elsewhere, in this paper, I have indicated how to increase acetylcholine production. So, why not supplement totally safe vitamin B6, magnesium, zinc, and other nutrients instead of using liver-toxic Risperdal? An interesting observation: the blink rate varies with the amount of dopamine; less dopamine means fewer blinks! The average number of blinks is 15-30 per minute. Do the test when not focused on anything. Supplement tyrosine with less than 20 blinks. Another protective factor is mentioned in this excerpt: We injected rats intramuscularly with lead acetate (10 mg/kg body weight) daily for 7 days, which significantly abolished heme synthesis as evidenced by decreased blood hemoglobin, liver delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase, erythrocytic delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, and hepatic iron content. These effects were accompanied with marked elevation of hepatic lipid peroxidation and decreased enzymatic antioxidants such as glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase, as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants such as total sulfhydryl groups and glutathione. Furthermore, lead treatment (injections) caused hepatic deficiency in copper and zinc accompanied by a significant elevation of lead concentration in both plasma and liver. Daily pretreatment with melatonin (30 mg/kg body weight) intragastrically prevented the suppressive effects of lead on heme-synthesizing enzymes and iron deficiency. In addition, preadministration of melatonin reduced the inhibitory effect of lead on both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. This was accompanied by marked normalization of lipid peroxidation and modulation of copper and zinc levels in liverJ Biochem Mol Toxicol 2000;14(1):57-62 Prophylactic effect of melatonin on lead-induced inhibition of heme biosynthesis and deterioration of antioxidant systems in male rats. El-Missiry MA. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt. Elsewhere, in this paper, the protective effect of melatonin in mercury poisoning is mentioned. Zinc in adequate quantities keeps lead from being absorbed, and melatonin aids in zinc absorption. Melatonin metabolizes hydrogen peroxide radicals by stimulating the production of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. It is known that melatonin inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha. Methinks every child and his Mom should have 1-3 mg melatonin whether he has a sleep problem or not! Metals like mercury have a toxic effect on the heme biosynthetic pathway also. This pathway can be examined and its disruptions interpreted to indicate toxin exposures. Regulatory heme is increased by vitamin A, melatonin, and zinc. It is decreased by exposure to gasoline, benzene, lead, arsenic, and cadmium. Heme is synthesized primarily in the liver, the red blood cells, and blood-forming cells in the bone marrow. A necessary facilitator of Cytochrome p450 (Phase I) liver detoxification enzymes, heme is made deficient by heavy metal poisoning which lowers p450 levels and decreases ability at the cellular level to clear chemicals and drugs, especially those concentrated in the liver and kidneys. Reduced heme likewise affects other metabolic pathways in the body through depleted p450. Those who suffer from various types of Environmental Illness and Multiple Chemical Sensitivities will exhibit symptoms of porphyrin excess and reduced p450 activity. Those struggling with mercury poisoning, in particular, will be similarly affected. Persons with a metallothionein disorder are especially sensitive to toxic metals, and overmethylation is associated with severe chemical sensitivities. Effective treatment requires a three-part approach: (1) avoidance of additional exposures, (2) biochemical treatment to hasten the exit of the toxic substance from the body, and (3) correction of underlying chemical imbalances to minimize future vulnerability to the toxic materialDr. Wm. Walsh. Some of the vitamin and mineral cofactors required for cytochrome P-450 mediated reactions include riboflavin, niacin, magnesium, iron, and a number of trace minerals. One Mom reports that the almost day-to-day fluctuation between good and bad days (depending on the severity of his dark circles) was from apparent chemical sensitivity. I gave him 1,500 to 2,000 mg. of niacinamide divided into several doses during the day. It has been a godsend. We have gone three straight weeks without any fluctuation, no dark circles, and more importantly, none of the off and spacey behavior that were his biggest problem. This may not require that much, so start smaller and increase until desired results are received. Niacinamide was the treatment of choice for Pyrroluria before Dr. Pheiffer showed the need for vitamin B6 and zinc. Acemannan (Manapol), and reishi mushrooms among others, have been shown to increase the enzyme glutathione synthetase, which in turn produces glutathione (providing the substrates glycine, glutamine, and cysteine are availableWSL). Additionally, in a series of human trials, Acemannan (from aloe) improved food digestion and absorption and enhanced good bacterial flora in the digestive tract by reducing yeast and pH levelsSugars That Heal, Dr. Emil I. Mondoa, MD. This aloe extract, that is found in Ambrotose and AmbrotoseROAmbrotose AO by Mannatech, also significantly inhibited superoxide anion formation. This is one type of free radical that can have dangerous effects on the fragile DNA in our cellsKim, HS et al. In Vitro Chemo-protective Effects of Plant Polysaccharides, Carcinogenesis, Aug 1999, 20:8, 1637-40. In addition to stress-induced, immune suppression, the bodys natural defense system is also susceptible to stress-induced malnutrition. When the body begins to suffer from stress-induced malnutrition, the cells of the immune system are deprived of critical nutrients necessary for their function. In addition to the macronutrients, myriad micronutrients that include zinc, selenium, vitamins A, C, E, and B6, the amino acids glutamine, cysteine, and arginine, and proper ratios of Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids are known to be necessary for a functional immune system. Observations indicate that Fatty Acids (FA) can modulate immune responses by acting directly on T-cells, and suggest that alteration of cellular FA toward Omega-3 may be a worthwhile approach to control inflammation that often tends to cancer. Additionally, fatty acid imbalance contributes to reductions in peripheral nerve conduction velocity and blood flow. Without proper blood flow, neurons begin to die. This imbalance may be corrected by a supplement of GLA (Evening Primrose Oil). Blood flow improvement to nerves increased by 34.8%, but when combined with antioxidants, the result was a synergistic 72% improvement! It is vital to note that MMR vaccine, and the chronic measles infection so often following, depletes the body of vitamin A. In fact, recent work has shown that children and adults with severe infections may excrete substantial quantities of vitamin A in the urine, whereas healthy subjects excrete little or no urinary vitamin A. The cause of such urinary losses appears to be impaired functioning of the kidney tubular epithelial cells, which normally reabsorb vitamin A, during severe infections. This phenomenon may help explain the longstanding observation that severe infections often precipitate clinical vitamin A deficiency (xerophthalmia) in young children with marginal vitamin A stores. In addition, vitamin A deficiency impairs certain aspects of the immune function; in particular, the secretory IgA response is dramatically impaired. A deficiency of vitamin A and zinc hinders cell-mediated immunity (Th1), and our kids are universally lacking in these vital nutrients (vitamin A requires zinc for its mobilization [Ogiso et al, 1974]). Scrimshaw, et al. (1968) reviewed over 50 studies of infection and nutrition and wrote, No nutritional deficiency in the animal kingdom is more consistently synergistic with infection than that of Vitamin A. In South Africa, it was found that injection of 200,000 units of vitamin A reduced near 50% measles vaccine deaths to virtually zero. Children with vitamin A deficiency are more susceptible to the effects of DDT, hydrocarbon carcinogens, and PCBs. Additionally, the Australian, Archivide Kalokerinos, M.B., B.S., Ph.D., noted for his work among the Australian aborigines in which he reduced an infant morality rate approaching 50% to virtually zero. Noting features of scurvy among some of the infants and children, and observing that many deaths followed vaccinations, he hypothesized that the vaccinations provoked death by throwing the infants into fulminating scurvy. Based on these observations, he improved the nutrition of the children, provided generous amounts of vitamin C, and avoided vaccines when children were ill with colds or other minor infections. As a result of this work he was awarded the Australian Medal of Merit in l978. You would be wise to provide your child a high intake of vitamins A and C before contemplating any vaccination and to restore the child that has been vaccinated. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in many infants is probably low, and the vaccines lower CMI further. One vaccine decreases CMI by 50%, two together by 70%. Three? Yet, repeated immunizations with three vaccines simultaneously from four weeks to 12 or 18 months are given. All these triple vaccines markedly impair CMI, yet some uninformed doctors, solely for convenience and profit give 10 viruses into these struggling immune systems in one sitting! Dont let this happen to your child! The longest safety trial of the triple vaccine MMR (all live attenuated viruses) was three weeks! Repeat DPT is given at 12 months. In mice, spectrally assayed cytochrome p450 was decreased by 50% for 7 days following DTP vaccination. Phospho-sulfotransferase, a Phase II detoxifying enzyme was also decreased as was the RNA necessary to their production. Children receiving DPT show three times as many seizures as is the norm for children. A similar increase 3.3 times the norm occurred within four to seven days following MMR. This decrease of p450 enzymes tends to harbor toxins within the system, leading to toxicity through a build up of heavy metals and other poisons, including the thimerosal (mercury), aluminum, formaldehyde, and other poisons in the vaccine. Mercury has also been found to play a part in neuronal problems through blockage of the p450 liver enzymatic process. Cadmium has a toxic effect on many enzymes dependent on iron as a cofactor, including the cytochrome p450 enzymes (Maines, M.D., 1984). Mercury has been shown to diminish and block sulfur oxidation thus reducing sulfates and glutathione levels which is the part of this process involved in detoxifying and excretion of toxics like mercury. Glutathione is produced through the sulfur oxidation side of this process. Low levels of available glutathione have been shown to increase mercury retention and increase toxic effects. The cytochrome p450 (Phase I) enzyme pathway is the only way a baby has to deal with endotoxins from the gut. The Phase I system is one of several shut down temporarily by the DPT and other vaccines. Toxins from E. Coli (and those of Candida), being given off when the liver is impaired by DTP, can have severe consequences, having been associated with Sudden Infant Death Syndrome! This is all the more likely when there is a chronic deficiency of vitamins A and C as might be induced by a poor diet or by a chronic measles infection of the gut. No effort should be made to eradicate bacteria and fungi, releasing as it does large amounts of endotoxins, without ensuring the child is adequately supplied with nutrients, particularly vitamins A and C. Use of Alka-Seltzer Gold, bentonite clay, and charcoal is said to reduce the impact of this die-off. The repeated use of vaccinations would tend to shift the functional balance of the immune system toward the antibody-producing side (Th2), and away from the acute inflammatory discharging side (the cell-mediated side or Th1). This has been confirmed by observation especially in the case of Gulf War Illness: most vaccinations caused a shift in immune function from the Th1 side (acute inflammatory discharging response) to the Th2 side (chronic auto-immune or allergic response). The wise use of vaccinations would be to use them selectively, and not on a mass scale. In order for vaccinations to be helpful and not harmful, we must know beforehand in each individual to be vaccinated whether the Th1 function or the Th2 function of the immune system predominates. In individuals in whom Th1 predominates, the cellular immune system is overreactive causing many acute inflammations, thus a vaccination could have a balancing effect on the immune system and be helpful for that individual. In individuals in whom Th2 predominates, causing few acute inflammations, but rather the tendency to chronic allergic or autoimmune inflammations, a vaccination would cause Th2 to predominate even more, aggravating the imbalance of the immune system and harming the health of that individualPhilip F. Incao, MD. Multiple vaccinations, in shifting this delicate balance to a predominant Th2 response, favor the development of atopy (asthma, eczema, hay fever, and food intolerances) and, perhaps, autoimmunity through vaccine-induced, polyclonal activation leading to autoantibody production. An increase in the incidence of childhood atopic diseases may be expected as a result of concurrent vaccination strategies that induce a Th2-biased immune response. Additionally, studies in New Zealand showed a 4-fold increase in asthma as a teenager in infants who had received antibiotics. Similarly, antibiotics used in the first two years of life increase risk of allergies five-to-six fold. Feeding microflora products as yogurt or capsules of flora may prevent this. The literature shows an association between antiviral vaccination and onset of childhood asthma. We have noted that attenuation of viral target by conventional vaccine preparation does not completely remove or degrade viral nucleic acids such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). It is known that viral dsRNA can induce activation of a hosts antiviral protein kinase (PKR). We have shown that activation of PKR by dsRNA leads to expression of Th2-type immune responses, e.g., allergy and asthmaFarhad Imani, M.D., David Proud, M.D. Recent discovery shows the gamma-delta group of T-cells are responsible for allergic responses through their production of interleukin-4 (IL-4). The odds of having a history of asthma were twice as great among (DTP) vaccinated subjects than among unvaccinated subjects (adjusted odds ratio, 2.00; 95% confidence interval, 0.59 to 6.74). The odds of having had any allergy-related respiratory symptom in the past 12 months was 63% greater among vaccinated subjects than unvaccinated subjects (adjusted odds ratio, 1.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.05 to 2.54). The associations between vaccination and subsequent allergies and symptoms were greatest among children aged 5 through 10 yearsHurwitz, E.L., Morgenstern, H; UCLA School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Los Angeles, California. Additionally, in 1990 Pediatric neurologist Dr. John H. Menkes, professor emeritus at UCLA, reported on 46 children experiencing neurological adverse reaction within 72 hours of a DPT shot. Over 87% of the children reacted with a seizure, 2 children died, and most surviving children became retarded, with 72% having uncontrollable seizure disorders. One study published in the Journal of Infectious Diseases documented a long-term depressive effect on interferon production caused by the measles vaccine. Interferon is a chemical produced by lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) that renders the host resistant to infection. Vaccination of one-year-old infants with measles vaccine caused a precipitous drop in the level of alpha-interferon produced by lymphocytes. This decline persisted for one year following vaccination, at which time the experiment was terminated. Thus, this study showed that measles vaccine produced a significant long-term immune suppression. This suppression lays the child open to all sorts of infections. For example: a study published in the American Journal of Public Health Investigators on children who contracted polio, a total of 1,300 cases in New York City and 2,137 cases in the remainder of New York State, discovered that children with polio were twice as likely to have received a DTP vaccination in the two months preceding the onset of polio than were the control children. More recently, in a polio epidemic in Oman, DTP vaccination caused the onset of paralytic polio. The report in the British medical journal Lancet confirmed that a significantly higher percentage of these children with polio (43% compared to 28% of the controls) had received a DTP shot within 30 days of the onset of polio. The DTP vaccine suppresses the bodys ability to fight off the polio virus. Usually then, the autistic child needs to boost Th1 cells. This can be done with Omega-3 fatty acids [EPA at 1000 to 1500 mg a day (two to three teaspoons of CLO), and DHA between 1500 to 2500 mg a day (3 to 5 teaspoons of CLO or fish oil)]. The extra Virgin Olive oil, that contains oleic acid: four tablespoons a day of fresh oil thats been refrigerated is very supportive of Th1 (but has phenolic acids that may be adverse for PST (phenol-sulfotransferase deficiency) child, as is Vitamin A, 25,000 IU (adults), with a lot of carotenoids, a lot of vegetables, carrots, and things like that. In addition to that, L-glutamine, 10 to 20 grams (adult) a day, will strengthen Th1 (but could be very excitotoxic). Use Lactobacillus, two or three different kinds, and Bifidus, and magnesium, zinc, chromium, and silica. Those who may become pregnant should limit vitamin A to 10,000 IU to avoid possible fetal damage in the first eight weeks of pregnancy. Hepatic glutathione is a key substrate for reducing toxic oxygen metabolites and oxidized xenobiotics in the liver enabling their clearance from the body. Depletion of liver glutathione is a common occurrence in mercury and cadmium toxicity and Leaky Gut Syndromes contributing to liver dysfunction and liver necrosis. It has also been demonstrated that Hg not only directly removes GSH from the cell, but also inhibits the activities of two key enzymes involved in GSH metabolism, GSH synthetase and GSH reductase. Hg also inhibits the activities of the free radical quenching enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase, and perhaps GSH peroxidase. Inside the cell, Hg0 is oxidized by catalase to the highly reactive Hg2+. Once assimilated in the cell, Hg2+ and MeHg+ form covalent bonds with glutathione and cysteine residues of proteins. Many factors can affect liver function and glutathione availability. For instance, a recent or chronic-active infection can deplete glutathione, as does a single dose of Tylenol. Studies have found that heavy metals, especially mercury and cadmium, deplete glutathione and protein-bound sulfhydryl (SH) groups resulting in inhibiting SH-containing enzymes and the production of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide ion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals. These reactive oxygen species result in increased lipid peroxidation, enhanced excretion of urinary lipid metabolites, modulation of intracellular oxidized states, DNA damage, membrane damage, altered gene expression, and apoptosis. Increased fragility and decreased sulfhydryl content in cell membranes follow closely, within 4-5 days, a decrease in plasma zinc concentration. These latter signs are readily reversible within 1-2 days by zinc supplementation. Additionally, one must supplement antioxidants vitamins C and E, selenium, and glutathione, and attempt to enhance the bodys production of glutathione. Some foods, such as avocado and asparagus, supply GSH. The displacement of zinc in the presence of a toxic-metal burden may explain in part why increased levels of zinc are so commonly seen in the scalp hair of patients exhibiting significant levels of toxic metals Hg, Cd, Pb (Quig, unpublished observations). Such high zinc readings in hair tests would indicate an actual lack of systemic zinc! Platelets from zinc deficient rats exhibit abnormal aggregation (failure to aggregate normally), a defect that is associated with impaired calcium uptake. This is probably due to a lack of sun and vitamin D. The evidence suggests defective calcium channels in the plasma membrane of cells. Similar observations have been made in brain synaptic membranes from zinc deficient guinea pigs. As in the red cell, membranes from platelets have a lower than normal concentration of sulfhydryls. Treatment of zinc deficient blood with glutathione increases the aggregation response of platelets isolated from the blood of zinc deficient rats, bringing it back to normal. Chelation with DMSA needs GSH or NAC to metabolize out as disulfide-bound DMSA-GSH or DMSA-NAC. If replacement NAC/GSH is not supplied, DMSA and DMPS (3-4 times more so than DMSA) consume available stores leaving a dangerous deficiency. In humans, oral glutathione is readily absorbed by the gut mucosa, repleting its glutathione supply; but all remaining GSH is then broken down by the mucosa preventing systemic absorption. This may explain why oral glutathione has been of help to autistic children even when there is apparently no systemic absorption. This being true, one must support the body in its manufacture of GSH to avoid a dangerous lack due to chelation. Nevertheless, given the gut dysfunction found in many autistic children, oral glutathione at 250 - 500 mg/day may be of significant help. Additionally, a glutathione cream has become available. I think this means of replenishment of cellular glutathione is highly desirable. Further, it seems both forms should be used. Nevertheless, Dr. Woody McGinnis has this to say: It is unfortunate that we have this myth about oral glutathione not absorbing. There are many good articles on this, and just no question that it gets absorbed, and much of it intact, and especially by the intestine, which is especially where you want it. Cysteine is deficient in a majority of Autistic children, especially younger than six, and especially before vitamin B6 supplementation. An important point should be emphasized regarding the potential for DMSA to contribute further to depletion. Ninety percent of the DMSA absorbed is excreted in the urine as a cysteine-DMSA-cysteine disulfide complex. Therefore, between days of oral administration of DMSA it is important to replace cysteine, except in those instances where the child is cysteine toxic. Cysteine, in excess, can penetrate even a healthy, blood-brain barrier and become an excitotoxin to the brain. Additionally, pharmacological doses of cysteine/NAC, in the range of 1500 mg daily, have the potential to exacerbate the adverse neurological effects of toxic metals since it moves mercury into the brain in rats. It is of interest to note that intravenous glutathione removes mercury from the brain. Giving NAC or cysteine can be like an atom bomb to an autistic. The reason is that these agents result in sudden production in the G.I tract of metallothionein that temporarily absorbs most of the available zinc. So, while the gut is healing, the bloodstream and brain become dramatically zinc deficient; thus the terrible response sometimes seen to NAC. MT promotion must NEVER be attempted in a zinc-depleted person. Otherwise, you are likely to get the same terrible reaction as commonly occurs with NAC or cysteine. This excitotoxicity of cysteine is completely blocked by adequate amounts of zinc! A study of patients with Parkinsons, ALS, and Alzheimers found a significant elevation of their cysteine to sulfate ratio that is often seen in autism! Methionine, betaine (TMG), and choline enhance liver function and increase the levels of SAMe and glutathione. In addition to the above supplements, use these that build glutathione: Mannatech Products (Ambrotose, PhytAloe, and PLUS), garlic, dandelion, Colostrum, Schizandra, Vitamins A, C, and E, wheat grass, whey, shark-liver oil, rice-bran extract, lysine, and SAMe. All are totally nontoxic. Carotenes enhance immune response and spare the glutathione, a Phase II detoxification enzyme in the liver that we rely on to safely eliminate pollutants and toxins from the body. You might even want to add, after careful testing, Pregnenolone or DHEA, (both suppress cortisol), because the higher the levels of DHEA, within normal, the better Th1 performs. Dr. Nestler, from the University of Virginia, has spent the last eight years doing multiple studies to show that DHEA levels are directly correlated with insulin levels, or I should say insulin resistance. The more insulin resistant you are, the higher your insulin levels are and the lower your DHEA levels. He firmly believes, and has a lot of studies to back it up, that the decline in DHEA is strictly due to the increase in insulin resistance with age. If you reduce the insulin resistance, the DHEA rises. This is vital, for when insulin levels are elevated you cannot produce glucagon; thus, you cannot burn stored fat for energy. The insulin stores excess calories of a meal as fat, and locks it there! DHEA will help to burn off some of that fat and, being precursor to the adrenal and sex hormones, will support that aspect of aging. A study found that measuring insulin levels in the blood predicts heart attack better than any other risk factor! Inflammation and the increased cytokines increase insulin resistance. You must eat low Glycemic-Indexed foods to avoid sharp rises to insulin levels, and strive to reverse insulin resistance. Researchers report that 1332 IU of vitamin D per day reduced insulin resistance of diabetic women by 21.4%! See information herein about reducing cytokines (Il-6 and TNF). Strength training is more effective than aerobic exercises in this endeavor. For you Moms struggling with perimenopausal or menopausal problems, it is not estrogen therapy you need (the medical approach), but progesterone (usually). Progesterone declines first (estrogen dominance) in the late 30s (a common cause of miscarriage) with an estrogen decline taking place, usually in the late forties, and then testosterone declines. Progesterone declines at 120 times the rate of estrogen decline, so the problem grows worse with time. Ask the health-store manager for information on use of progesterone cream, or if available, sublingual progesterone (90% absorption against 15% transdermally). Additional help can be had with the herbs red raspberry, chasteberry, black cohosh, and or maca. Buy only quality herbs, preferably standardized. Ambrotose AO and PLUS from Mannatech are very effective in restoring this and other declining functions noted in these years. The Indole-3-carbinol of cruciferous vegetables found in PhytAloe modulates high estrogen levels. Fresh-ground flax seed (compound Linum Usitatissimum), but not flax oil, and magnesium will have a similar good effect. Vanadyl Sulfate is an insulin mimic, so that it can basically do what insulin does. It has been shown to use a different mechanism to lower blood sugar; so it spares insulin and helps improve insulin sensitivity. To really lower insulin levels, give 7.5 mg twice a day. More can be used short term. Thyroid hormones, along with the retinol form of vitamin A, are needed to create progesterone and pregnenolone, so it may be better to support the thyroid and use cod-liver oil as suggested herein than to supplement DHEA. Chromium (200 mg) reduces cortisol by 47%. Vitamin E, vitamin B-complex, panax ginseng, digestive enzymes, Transfer Factor, even some things called arabinogalactans and glyconutrients (AmbroStart by Mannatech), all build Th1 (enhance macrophage action and Natural Killer Cell (NKC) function). Aloe (Manapola stabilized, standardized Aloe contained in Ambrotose), Ambrotose, AmbroStart, PhytAloe, PLUS, and ImmunoStart (all from Mannatech, Inc.) are without peers in producing glutathione, and in modulating this function of the immune system. Dr. Michael Currieri, Ph. D., in his Personal Story of Victory Over Tongue Cancer tells how these Mannatech products helped his NK Cell function improve and go from 1,027 to 51,545 NKC numbers in 30 days. Further, the anti-inflammatory effects of digestive enzymes strip away the protein camouflage of cancer cells allowing the immune system to recognize and attack the aberrant cells. Additionally, it is known that Vitamin C (1000 mg or more) seems to suppress the Th2 system and promote the Th1 system, which is why asthmatics on Vitamin C have fewer and less severe attacks than those who dont take Vitamin C (Trop Geogr Med 1980;32:132-7). It has also been shown that the mean vitamin C level in patients with asthma is significantly lower than in healthy controls (Afr J Med Sci. 1985;14:115-120), and that Vitamin C can have a protective effect and block Exercise-Induced Asthma (Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med Vol 151, April 1997, pg 367). Nothing is as effective in restoring Th balance and natural breath function as is Mannatech Products. Other than vaccines, candida, and stress, what causes Th2 to be elevated? Faulty digestion, a leaky gut, over consumption of glucose (sugar) and processed foods (that weakens systemic resistance to infection), transfatty acids, a diet high in the Omega-6 fatty acids like linoleic acid (cut Canola, use olive and coconut). All of these promote over-functioning of Th2. This makes the cell membranes porous, and very vulnerable to infection. Adrenal exhaustion or a lack of glutathione may promote a cytokine shift from Th1 to Th2. Adrenal dysfunction can lead to hypoglycemia, increased allergy symptoms, weight gain, increased menopausal symptoms, mood swings, and mental confusion. Any suffering allergies, including asthma, undoubtedly have two conditions undiagnosed: hypoglycemia and hypoadrenocorticism. These must be corrected by temporary elimination of allergens, a low carbohydrate, high protein intake, and a supplement of nutrients chosen to support the adrenals and pancreas, including desiccated, whole-adrenal glandular. If not needed, the adrenal tablets may make you feel weak. Do not use Tylenol (Acetaminophen, Paracetamol) for this will make asthma worse, and do not accept cortisone or prednisone! Tylenol contains a sulfite that can cause problems with those who are sulfite sensitive (PST), and it drains the lungs and liver of their supply of glutathione within 30 minutes! Tylenol is the leading cause of liver failure! Do not fail to heed what you have just read! Should you feel a NSAID is necessary, use Ibuprofen. Should you be forced to use cortisone, moderately large doses of vitamin A have an immunostimulatory effect, and can reverse the suppression produced by pharmacological agents such as cortisone. Dr. Eli Selfter of Albert Einstein Medical College demonstrated that in mice under heavy stress without adequate pantothenic acid (a Bvitamin), the adrenal glands enlarged and the thymus glands (which are responsible for proper immune function) shrunk. Large amounts of vitamin A and pantothenic acid restored these glands to normal size! Additionally, vitamins B6, B12, A, C, D, E, para-aminobenzoic acid, pantothenic acid, and the minerals zinc, magnesium, and calcium aid the adrenals in conditions of hypoadrenocorticism (adrenal cortex deficiency). Pantothenic acid (300 mg), vitamin C (2000 mg), for adults, will support the pancreas. The bioflavonoids will reduce allergic reactions to foods and other substances. Specifically, magnesium and MSM reduce allergic responses. Ensure that all these nutrients are being supplied in adequate quantities. Many find Manna-C from Mannatech to be tremendously effective in restoring normal breath and sinus function under these conditions. A major cause of adrenal dysfunction is sudden, extreme or chronic, prolonged stress (and our kids are chronically stressed to breaking). We tend to think of stress as emotional, but it can be physical (e.g., accidents, surgery, prolonged illness, especially from a toxic liver and/or congested kidneys), nutritional (long-term use of synthetic vitaminsespecially ascorbic acid in high dosage, deficiencies or excesses of nutrients, and food allergies), environmental (chemical sensitivities and allergies, metal toxicities, electromagnetic fields), thermal (prolonged excessive heat or cold), many medical drugs (especially hormones), and overwork, all of which adversely affect the adrenals. Cortisol (also known as hydrocortisone) is the most important adrenal hormone, having many functions including: 1) Transporting amino acid building blocks of proteins to the liver where they are converted to glucose; 2) Increasing blood sugar levels; 3) Decreasing the rate at which cells use glucose; 4) Helping the body burn fats instead of glucose. If in too great supply, glucocorticoids can raise serum glucose levels to a point where a diabetes-like condition ensues. Insufficient cortisol output is associated with many symptoms, including: 1) Craving sweets, soft drinks, fruit juices, tobacco, marijuana, etc.; 2). Dizziness on standing up too fast; 3) Headaches, blurred vision, irritability, erratic energy levels; 4) Conditions over time such as Addisons disease, arthritis, bursitis, bronchitis, colitis, allergies, and frequent infections. Too much cortisol (common in people in adrenal exhaustion) increases the rate at which bone and muscle mass is lost (among the first symptoms of physical aging), cognitive impairment and loss of brain cells, and many serious diseases, including, it seems, diabetes, cancer, stroke, heart problems, ulcers, multiple sclerosis, retinitis pigmentosa, and Alzheimers and Parkinsons diseases, and a fat tire on your waist and hips. To determine if you have adrenal exhaustion, have your blood pressure checked after lying quietly for five minutes, then stand up and immediately recheck the pressure. If the blood pressure reading is lower when you are standing, suspect reduced adrenal function. The degree to which the blood pressure drops upon standing is often proportionate to the degree of hypoadrenalism (low adrenal function). Dr. Wm. Shaw reports instances of severe yeast overgrowth (indicated by high arabinose readings) causing severe hypoglycemia and pancreas damage. He finds low blood sugar in instances of fibromyalgia where yeast overgrowth is common. If the amino acids threonine, glycine, and serine are all low, it may indicate hypoglycemia. Yeast overgrowth is a serious condition that poisons your child and quite possibly yourself, and it must be addressed aggressively. A Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology article from McGill University and the Institute Pasteur in France says, A new study has found additional evidence that a chemical involved in inflammation may play a role in asthma. The study found more of the chemical known as Interleukin 9 (IL-9). IL-9 is one of those Th2 substances that gets overactive, suppresses Th1, and you wind up with asthma. They believe that if you can lower IL-9 this is going to help treat, and even prevent, asthma. It says, Interleukins have been known to play a role in regulating the immune system, and in particular, to be responsible for causing the early stages of inflammation. They found that if you can lower the Th2, especially these Interleukins, and boost Th1 with all the nutrients weve been speaking about, theyre going to help dramatically in the management of a wide range of illnesses, including multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, AIDS, Chronic Fatigue, candida, multiple allergies, multiple chemical sensitivities, hepatitis, Gulf War Syndrome, cancer, and other autoimmune diseases, like autism. Just the elimination of candida has been found to cure a third of all eczema, irritable bowel, some asthma, joint pains, and virtually all psoriasis. Cytokines (hormone messengers secreted by immune cells), actively transported into the Central Nervous System (CNS), play a key role in this immune activation. It was recently observed that cytokines activate astrocytes and microglia cells (immune system cells) that in turn produce cytokines by a feedback mechanism. Where T-cells are over stimulated, they produce large numbers and amounts of cytokines that cause inflammation in the body, muscular pains, headaches, and often malnourishment and weight loss. The free radical damage to self is great. Rosemary Waring (2001) outlined the possibility that cytokines, which are peptides produced in inflammatory processes, may be responsible for low sulfate levels. It was found that autistic children often have high cytokine levels, and this would have the indirect effect of greatly reducing the production of sulfate. Children with autism were found to excrete roughly twice as much sulfate in their urine so that they had only 1/5 the normal level of sulfate in their bodies.(Tumor Necrosis Factor is elevated in many, which can inhibit the conversion of cysteine to sulfate.Many enzymes are impaired when sulfate is low, and the ability to detoxify heavy metals and phenols is severely impaired. Additionally, red blood cell formation is inhibited, reducing oxygen to cellsWSL). Moreover, cytokines strongly influence the dopaminergic (dopamine), noradrenergic (noradrenaline), and serotonergic (serotonin) neurotransmission. There are indications that the cascade of cytokines can be activated by neuronal processes. These findings close a theoretical gap between stress and anxiety and their influence on immunity (they greatly lower the natural-killer-cell function). When we are fit and healthy it means our bodies are working properly and keeping the germs and bugs at bay. It is only because the immune system falls down that we get ill, said Michael Endecott, research director of the Institute for Complementary Medicine in London. Low plasma Cysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid that metabolizes to sulfate, is commonly seen in autism. When Cysteine is as low as reported above, it seriously limits the production of sulfates, glutathione and metallothionein, all dependent upon available Cysteine. This results in increased oxidative stress, lowered immune function, neurotransmitter dysfunction, vagal nerve dysfunction, accumulation of heavy metals, especially lead, cadmium, and mercury, and viral persistence, all commonly seen in autism. Repairing this damage is key to recoveryDr. Jeff Bradstreet. One must not supplement Cysteine arbitrarily as it may be in excess, and that is severely toxic. Gluten (from grains) and casein (from milk) have immune and neurotransmitter impacts. Therefore, they have the ability to cause immune dysregulation and neurotransmitter imbalance. In experimental studies, opiate drugs such as morphine have been found to bind to brain opioid receptors and this binding leads to decreased glucose (sugar) utilization and decreased metabolic rate. In other words, substances that bind to opioid receptors in the brain slow the brain down. The one finding that stands up in the brains of autistic children is that the brain is slowed down (metabolically less active) as shown by decreased blood flow, especially in speech areas. Chemicals in the diet that slow the brain are Barley Malt, the raw material for making beer, and vinegar. Malt contains twenty chemicals that slow the brain, and vinegar also contains such chemicalsDr. Bruce Semon MD, Ph.D, Website. Opioids decrease T-cell proliferation via the mu-receptors, and this may cause a mild, immune suppression. Opioids can increase levels of gamma interferon also. When an opioid molecule attaches to a receptor in which it fits, adenylate cyclase is inactivated leading to a decrease in intracellular Cyclic AMP (cAMP). Magnesium deficiency reduces 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentration and increases 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) concentration, perhaps through inhibition of adenylate cyclase and activation of guanylate cyclase. Cyclic AMP is an important messenger system in the brain and body. When intracellular cAMP levels have been lowered because of constant (inappropriate) stimulation of opioid receptors on the cell surface or due to a magnesium deficiency, less tryptophan hydroxylase is phosphorylated, and therefore more of the enzyme is inactive. When this happens, tryptophan is not converted into serotonin, but is shunted down alternate pathways, eventually leading to urinary IAG (indolyl acryloyl glycine) and 3-indoleacetate. It is reported this affects 93% of autistic children. Urinary excretion of IAG in 15 normal subjects was significantly increased in June-September against the November-April collection in the same subjects. Elevated levels of IAG are also found in Hartnups and SAD (seasonal depression from darkness). Organo-phosphate pesticides cause paralysis by inhibiting certain enzyme systems. One of these pesticides, Diazinon, has been shown to seriously interfere with the metabolism of tryptophan in a way that might force tryptophan metabolism towards the IAG route. Are these pesticides contributing to the increased IAG in the urine samples from the majority of people with autism and related disorders? In England, about 80% of those with autism or ADD/ADHD have high IAG levels. Increased IAG could contribute to increased intestinal permeability (leaky gut), and perhaps increased blood-brain barrier permeability. In animals, high opioid levels cause indifference to mother and others in the family. When a foreign substance enters the body, the immune system produces antibodies against it. These antibodies are grouped into biological categories called immunoglobulins. There are five classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM) each responsible for a specific role in the immune response. Often, one or more of these classes of antibodies will be low in number or missing. This leaves one vulnerable to disease or allergy. At the humoral level, the newborn has low or nonexistent levels of the immunoglobulin antibodies IgM, IgE, and IgA. The neonate is born with IgG antibodies acquired from the mother that confer protection from some specific diseases. There is a slow rise of immunoglobulin levels after 3 months of age to levels of older children. Immune B-cells secrete these antibodies that bind with the foreign antigen and produce red cell lysis (disintegration), inactivate the virus, or produce bacterial phagocytosis (consumed by macrophages). Most autistic children have delayed allergic reactions to some foods (show high IgG), and/or immediate, strong reactions to foods, inhaled pollens, or mold (high IgE). These allergic reactions disrupt normal immune balance and alter interleukin-2 levels exacerbating their symptoms. IgA is normally secreted into the digestive tract in response to incoming food. IgA protects the mucosal surfaces of the mouth, nose, throat, gastrointestinal tract, ears, and the eyes. Low levels indicate mucosal immune deficiency, serum antibody to food allergens, and autoimmune disease indicating a need of vitamin A and colostrum. Conversely, high levels of IgA indicate bacterial overgrowth, enterotoxins, and viral infection. Findings of elevated IgG, IgA, IgM, and decreased levels of IgE have been observed in patients with high, hair levels of nickel. Elevated IgG and IgM levels against formaldehyde, trimellitic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, and benzene are seen. These levels were usually higher in persons with elevated T4/T8 ratios, noted in almost 15 percent of the exposed patients. A Mom writes: My son tested positive for formic acid (formaldehyde), (extremely high levels that had to be reported). Another doctor tested some of his patients and found trace levels in his Gf patients, higher levels in his Gf/Cf patients, and higher levels in his non-Gf/Cf patients. He also had a few that tested negative, but their general toxic profiles were also cleaner. We found that formic acid is used as an anti-fungal in all silage grains, even organic grains! It could be that the GF kids were lowest because they were drinking regular milk where CLA, a naturally occurring FA, keeps formic acid levels low. The Gf/Cf kids would then be expected to be higher. Is Gf also working because a formic acid source is removed? Is Gf/Cf also removing exposure to calcium propionate (An Australian study recently proved to cause hyperactivity and irritableness) used in breads? Formaldehyde is a cause of sleep disorders and yet, wrinkle-free sheets and pillow covers are treated with it! Formaldehyde is cleared by the Phase I liver enzymes, and Pantethine enhances a cytochrome p450 enzyme that detoxifies formaldehyde. Pantethine thus counteracts brain fog, certain allergic sensitivities, and some consequences of alcoholism. In people with candidiasis, the enzyme fights off a toxic byproduct called acetylaldehyde. This may be contraindicated in children with PST. Recurrent infections are an indication of deficient IgAs. Secretory IgA (sIgA) levels are elevated in the presence of infection or overgrowth of unwelcome germs, and are depressed if the infection or overgrowth is excessive. The incidence of selective IgA deficiency is 10 times higher in those with celiac disease than in the general population. IgA protects the mucus membranes of the body. Comprehensive stool analysis often finds below normal levels of Secretory IgAs in the gut. One of the first things you want to do is to balance these Secretory IgAs so as to protect the first line of defense in the intestinal tract. Tribes that live mainly on animal protein have the highest levels of IgA, and they almost never have infections according to Wolfgang Lutz who wrote the book on the myth of carbohydrate. Secretory IgA (sIgA) can be managed with the introduction of friendly yeast called Saccharomyces Boulardii. This beneficially raises complement activation, macrophage activity, and increases sIgA. It is also able to prevent adhesion and development of Candida Albicans. Dosing is important as too enthusiastic a programme can have detrimental effects on behaviour.Dr. Mike Ash, DO, ND, in Issue 13, The Autism File (UK). It also protects against Clostridia Difficile and cholera, inactivates bacterial toxins, releases beneficial polyamines, and supports the establishment of friendly bacteria by providing a lactic acid environment, thus, it helps to restore nutrient production and absorption capacity. A high-count probiotic supplement such as GI-Pro (Mannatech) or ProCulture Gold (Kirkman) would support that goal. IgA is found at very high levels in colostrum. The use of Bovine Colostrum should be very productive in overcoming these chronic infections, and should be preferred to repeated courses of antibiotics. When there is active infection, take a dose of colostrum every four hours around the clock until symptoms are fully cleared. Consistent use of colostrum for three months will normally shift the immune function back to a normal Th1 dominance. Transfer Factor has this effect also according to Dr. Ken Bock, MD, of Rhinebeck, N.Y. Celiac disease, which is sometimes referred to as Celiac Sprue, Sprue, or gluten intolerance, makes it difficult for the body to properly absorb nutrients from foods. Symptoms include various intestinal difficulties, recurring abdominal bloating and pain, nausea, anemia, gas, tingling numbness in the legs, sores inside the mouth, painful skin rash on elbows, knees, and buttocks, cramping, hives, joint/muscle pains and aches, diarrhea, and constipation, among others. Untreated, celiac disease more than doubles the risk of contracting certain stomach cancers. It is interesting to note that diseases that can be associated with celiac disease include lactose intolerance, dermatitis herpetiformis, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), systemic lupus erythematosus, thyroid disease, and autoimmune disorders. In fact, if you have dermatitis herpetiformis (an itchy, blistery skin problem), you have celiac disease. Additionally, children with celiac disease will have pale, foul-smelling, bulky stools, and suffer painful abdominal bloating. They fail to grow and have iron deficiency anemia. Adults often have the same symptoms. A new study published in the July issue of the American Journal of Gastroenterology by Dr. Vincenzo Toscano and colleagues at the Universita La Sapienza in Rome indicates that adolescent patients with celiac disease have elevated levels of anti-thyroid and anti-pancreatic autoantibodies. One additional bit of advice: Never, ever let a child be vaccinated if he has had a recent infection/sickness, or is prone to repeat infections with the related antibiotic courses. Early and high frequency rates of ear infection are associated with greater severity of autism (J Autism and Dev Dis 17:585,1987). It is the children who have had three or more antibiotic courses who have a 4-times higher rate of adverse vaccine reaction. It is the ones vaccinated while suffering an infection or after a recent infection that often regresses into autism. Be warned. It all has to do with the immune function. Never accept a vaccine containing Thimerosal (dont believe the doctor, demand to see the insert), and never accept more than one shot per day. To pump ten viruses with the related mercury, aluminum, and other toxins into a child at one sitting is asinine and stupid, and should be criminal! Yeast species like candida are known to induce immune changes, and to produce neurotoxins, and most autistic children have yeast problems. Yeast binds the B-vitamins, and in absence of Bifidus flora, creates subclinical pellagra and beriberi. This lack of B-vitamins, particularly vitamin B6 will interfere with the production of serotonin, melatonin, and other important neurotransmitters that control behaviorso normal brain chemistry in the presence of yeast overgrowth is unlikely. Clostridia, found in approximately 20% ASD patients, and other harmful bacteria, also cause neurotoxic effects. These immunological changes (altered interleukins, cytokines, histamine, neuro-hormones, and other immune factors) affect brain chemistry, especially in the cerebellar and sensory components of the brain, and most autistic children have altered sensory perception. Reactions to clostridial toxins in mice suggest that it enhances glutamate efflux, leading to seizure and hippocampal neuronal damage. Many studies show that a high level of glutamate causes motor disturbances and changes in seizure threshold. Komulain and Tuomisto (1981) found that methyl mercury, even in low concentrations, inhibited the reuptake in synaptic nerve endings in the brain of the neurotransmitters dopamine, noradrenaline, and Serotonin exposing them to destruction. This would be both excitotoxic and tend to deplete the available neurotransmitters. The possibility of each of these imbalances should be examined, and, if present, corrected. Taurine counteracts the actions of glutamate and cysteine sulfinic acid. Amino acid levels in plasma were measured by amino acid auto-analyzer in 130 convulsive children. The levels of taurine, serine, and tryptophan were significantly lower in convulsive children as compared to normal controls; in contrast, isoleucine, homocystine, GABA, histidine, arginine, and ammonia were higher. Drugs that block dopamine and serotonin receptors (e.g., risperidone), or inhibit serotonin transport (e.g., Clomipramine) have been used to treat ritualistic and self-injurious behaviors in autistic individuals. Autistic children, particularly those with severe hyperactivity and stereotypes, were found to have excess dopaminergic activity as measured by high levels of homovanillic acid (HVA) in the CSF (Cohen et al 1977). Excess dopamine is a vitamin B6 antagonist. In addition, autistic children lose more HVA (a metabolite of dopamine) in their urine than typical children. Thus, it seems sensible that the administration of a dopamine antagonist such as risperidone or haloperidol to autistic patients should result in a decrease of motor symptoms such as hyperactivity, fidgetiness, and stereotypes, thereby facilitating behavior and learning. Chronic haloperidol treatment was able to reduce both the stereotypes, but often at the terrible price of tardive dyskinesia. Should you choose this drug, be aware that it depletes CoQ10, glutathione, and NADH. Supplementing Carnitine, Glutathione, and Alpha Lipoic Acid offset the loss of NADH activity, however, one should supplement NADH (ENADA) as well. A high intake of vitamin B6 and magnesium with a good multivitamin/mineral supplement would likely reduce incidence of tardive dyskinesia. Why rely on a drug with such devastating side effects? Furthermore, these dopamine antagonists theoretically block receptors, thus reducing dopaminergic activity. I conclude that this is not necessarily a sign of excess dopamine supply, but of excess or overactive receptor sites. Likewise, the excess HVA, though possibly a sign of excess dopamine supply, may be from mercury toxicity preventing reuptake, and or a lack of vitamin B6 and magnesium that conserve dopamine from loss at the synapse. So, why rely on deadly drugs when dopamine can be controlled by diet and supplements? When anxious and fearful, the sympathetic nervous system kicks in, or having been made predominant, anxiety is the result. The Sympathetic Nervous System is balanced by the Parasympathetic Nervous System. The overactive Sympathetic is suppressed by magnesium, and the diminished Parasympathetic function is stimulated by potassium. Here we see a need for magnesium and potassium supplementation. Magnesium deficiency also keeps potassium from being replenished in the cell. Magnesium and Vitamin B deficiencies cause a reduction in the production of dopamine and its waste from the synapse. Studies in animals have shown that a magnesium deficiency causes a depletion of brain dopamine without affecting brain serotonin and norepinephrine. A supplement of magnesium and vitamin B6 will tend to increase production and reduce the loss. Active Vitamin B6 increases the cellular absorption of magnesium, and, therefore, it works in concert to conserve available dopamine. The excess homovanillic acid is a sign of mercury toxicity preventing reuptake into the neurons, and a magnesium deficiency that allows for a greater than normal breakdown of dopamine in the synapse. A supplement of tyrosine will renew the dopamine in the neurons, but this should not be done until the levels of magnesium and vitamin B6 have been replenished and efforts to lower mercury levels undertaken. Since homovanillic acid is one of the amines cleared by PST enzymes, supplementing tyrosine by a PST child might be counterproductive until this has been accomplished. Since a major consequence of this immune imbalance is allergy, it is good to note some frequent manifestations. Toddlers have excessive infections. They whine, they pinch, they hit, they spit, they kick, and they bite in excess between two and four years. They bite their siblings, their mother in particular, and sometimes their father. They have excessive temper tantrums. They have a lot of intestinal symptoms. They vomit clear mucous, and that means milk allergy. They dislike being held. They say the same sentence over and over again. Theyre hyperactive, fatigued, and they have bowel problems. These are characteristic symptoms that frequently are related to something they ate, touched, or smelled. (You can often tame the Terrible Twos with a zinc supplementWSL.) Any food can cause diarrhea, but the food thats most apt to cause constipation in any age group is milk and dairy products. Abdominal complaints such as swelling, belching, bloating, rectal gas, that sort of thing, is the result. "Bad breath is almost always milk, wheat, and eggs. Bedwetting, after age five, if its related to a food, is due to milk or its due to a fruit juice. Soiled underwear, when they leak, and they have a little bowel movement on their pants all the time, is frequently due to grapes and raisins, but other foods can also cause it (like undigested fats, shown by light-colored stoolWSL). Leg aches, called growing painstake the milk out of the diet for a week, then add the milk back, and youll see that many leg aches are due to milk sensitivities. Again, there are other causes for leg aches, but this is one of the causes. Clucking throat soundsthats a milk allergy. The potbelly is very characteristic of people who have food allergies. There are many other causes; you may have parasites, enzymatic dysfunction, or a malfunction in your gut, but one reason is allergies. "Learning, behavior problems, and depression: Young children four and five that want to kill themselves. Again, ask what did they eat, touch, or smell? They have headaches. They make strange noises. They bark like dogs. That sort of thing. They have asthma, hay fever, and eczema. When a person eats a food that causes eczema, which is an itchy rash in the creases of the arms and the legs, the area will get red when youre eating the food, and the next day, they have the rash. So, theres a delayed reaction, and that makes it difficult to put cause and effect together. But, if you watch the skin while theyre eating, youll be able to tell when it feels red and hot and thats when theyve eaten a food to which they are sensitive. The adolescents have intestinal problems. Depression and fatigue are much more common. They say they have a ballooned, fuzzy head. They recognize that their heads not thinking, not feeling right. Their muscles and joints ache. They frequently have an irregular heartbeat. Take your pulse. It should be nice and regular, if its irregular; somethings wrong (it could be a lack of potassium or magnesiumWSL). What did you eat, touch, or smell? Start to pay attention to your body, especially to your pulse. Its like a smoke alarm in a room. (Get The Pulse Test by Dr. Arthur F. Coca, MDWSL.) Irritability and aggressiveness in adults are very common. I believe that much batteringwife battering, husband battering, sibling battering, mother batteringI think a lot of that is due to unrecognized sensitivities to foods and chemicals, and things of that sort. Now, the adults tend to be too tired. The women, in particular, cry easily, and are very depressed. Many times, they are moody and easily upset.(edited) Dr. Doris Rapp, MD. Aggressiveness and self-injury behavior can sometimes reduce rapidly as a result of anti-fungal treatment. Aggression has also been connected to both too much and too little magnesium. Usually, it is too little. Magnesium controls the breakdown and loss of serotonin in the synapse, and it is the best calcium channel blocker. Research shows that it is the magnesium status that controls cell membrane potential and through this means controls uptake and release of many hormones, nutrients, and neurotransmitters. It is magnesium that controls the fate of potassium and calcium in the cell. In the gut, however, it is calcium that is the 800-pound gorilla, and it will prevent absorption of magnesium, manganese, iron, and zinc. Unless there are sufficient anions such as lactates from milk or malates from apples (Apple Cider Vinegar), calcium also will combine with phosphate and both will be excreted. Clearly, these minerals should be taken at different times, yet they are often packaged together. If magnesium is insufficient in the blood, calcium will enter the cell excessively causing spasms and cramps, and it will be deposited in the soft tissues (kidneys, arteries, joints, brain, etc.). In the heart, at least, potassium similarly controls the amount of calcium entering the heart cells. Thus, calcium, magnesium, and potassium play off one another to control the force, rate, and regularity of the heartbeat. One with slow metabolism will tend to deposit calcium in soft tissues even when no milk products are used. Giving calcium will slow metabolism further. Potassium and calcium will be lost in the urine. Calcium is often low because potassium is high, so giving calcium is a way of lowering potassium and slowing a fast metabolism. This will often offer tremendous relief to one suffering insomnia, for such frequently have high potassium. Overwork and stress, mental rigidity (fanaticism), and foods like avocado and shrimp will raise calcium levels above normal for some people leading to overweight, fatigue, and depression even if not supplementing calcium. Supplementing calcium may excessively lower phosphorus (creating tooth decay), potassium, and magnesium. If you have chronic dry skin, you generally are a slow metabolizer and do not need extra calcium. One with beautiful skin may well be a fast metabolizer, and taking calcium will slow metabolism and help retain the beautiful skin. This skin test is not totally accurate, but very indicative. A serum calcium test is not a reliable indicator of calcium sufficiency. You can still have not enough in the bones or too much in tissues. It is important to note that magnesium may test normal in the serum, yet be depleted in the muscle cells, hence cramps and spasms. Magnesium protects the cell from aluminum, mercury, lead, cadmium, beryllium, and nickel. Evidence is mounting that low levels of magnesium contribute to the heavy metal deposition in the brain that precedes Parkinson's, Multiple Sclerosis, and Alzheimers. It is probable that low total body magnesium contributes to heavy metal toxicity in children, and it is a participant in the etiology of learning disorders. In addition to allergy or opioid production, it has been found that milk and dairy can actually cause a microscopic blood loss in the intestine by a reactive inflammation of the bowel. This can lead to anemia. Curiously, a child that might go berserk on milk may not have a reaction to processed cheese. When the protein structure is changed, the food will not give as large an allergic reaction. Unless a child has eczema where yolk or egg is triggering off a skin reaction, for some reason the immune pathway fired off by eggs doesnt seem to play a role in what we are talking about in the brain. I rarely have to worry about taking a child off of eggs, even though you may have this huge reaction on the food screenDr. Michael Goldberg. There is evidence of immune suppression on exposure to testing doses of phenols (see PST). There may be a drop in T-suppressor cells or total T-cell numbers. An overabundance of B-cells was interpreted as a reflection of toxic image to the immune system. An increase in helper cells, antibody formation, and elevation of some immunoglobulins was also noted. Other findings on phenolic exposure have been depressed serotonin, elevated histamine and prostaglandins, abnormal complement and immune complex formation. Phenol is a known carcinogen with a special affinity for the brain. Dopamine, a neurotransmitter, and the amino acid tyramine (formed from tyrosine metabolism that produces dopamine) are phenolic compounds that are strongly vasodilative. They lower the pressure (in the gut) at which peristalsis begins; thus, peristalsis is increased in the intestine and distribution of blood is altered because of sensitizing smooth muscles to epinephrine, norepinephrine, and other physiological stimulants. Low EPA levels (Omega-3 fatty acid) will increase smooth muscle contraction leading to hypertension (High Blood Pressure), asthma, painful menstruation, and Irritable Bowel. An important property of phenolic hydroxyl groups is their acidity, which is due to the propensity for the bond between the oxygen and hydrogen to break to form the corresponding negatively-charged phenoxide ion. This would cause systemic acidosis, it seems. Most natural antioxidants, such as Coenzyme Q10 and Vitamins C & E are phenolic in nature. Children may crave foods containing phenolic compounds or their derivatives. These compounds are also present in plastics, paper, and rubber, so you may see your child chewing these substances. It can contribute to the toxic overload in PST, or it can precipitate an allergic reaction. Hot cocoa has two to three times more phenols in it than other foods or red wine! Do not give it to a PST child, that is, to a child lacking full Phase II liver function. These alterations in normal body chemistry are largely due to a damaged, chronically-irritated, gastrointestinal tract largely caused by vaccinations, heavy metals, particularly mercury, antibiotics, resulting candida and bacterial overgrowth, and by chronic viral infections, and milk. While it is important to remove the allergens and to deal with the yeast, the single most effective, least expensive, way to treat the cause and not the secondary symptoms is homeopathy. I know the principles of homeopathy offend reason and the good American Way, more is better. With homeopathy, less is more. There are forces we do not begin to comprehend working in this body, and homeopathy is working with one. Find a skilled homeopath, and ask him to clear the vaccine damage and resultant virus infections, and the heavy metals poisoning. You will be amazed at the simplicity and the relatively low cost, and immediate results, though there is some temporary regression with each course. This will restore the immune function to balance, and then other necessary, nutritional and behavioral interventions will be more effective. Until you have done this, other efforts will be very expensive and not fully effective. Leaky Gut In a test of 36 autistic children reported by Repligen Corporation, 75% had a greater than normal pancreatic response to secretin infusion, especially among those with diarrhea (whose stool improved in consistency for several weeks afterward). These children are probably producing too little secretin, and thus receptor sites have proliferated. Human secretin receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor that is functionally linked to the cAMP second messenger system by stimulation of adenylate cyclase (Ng et al, 1999). When given secretin, there is overactivity of the pancreas. I.V. Secretin causes a five-fold increase in the output of IGF-1 in pancreatic fluid. They also documented a pattern of intestinal inflammation (esophagitis, gastritis, and duodenitis that would greatly hinder absorption of nutrients) in the majority. The most frequent gastrointestinal complaints were chronic diarrhea, gaseousness, and abdominal discomfort and distention. Histologic examination in these 36 children revealed grade I or II reflux esophagitis in 25 (69.4%) with symptoms of wakefulness with irritability or crying, pressing of the lower abdomen, and diarrhea. Chronic gastritis was detected in 15, and chronic duodenitis in 24. Low intestinal carbohydrate digestive enzyme (amylase) activity was reported in 21 children (58.3%), although there was no abnormality found in pancreatic function. Thirty-nine percent were deficient of the enzyme Lactase, and thus had digestive problems with milk, with bloating, gaseousness, and a loose stool (these symptoms can be alleviated with a digestive enzyme supplement containing lactase). None showed signs of Helicobacter Pylori infection, or of fungal or bacterial overgrowth even in the one-third with suspected fungal or bacterial overgrowth based on urine acid test results. Dr. Karoly Horvath reported low levels of disaccharide/glucoamylase enzymes, and suggests that carbohydrate malabsorption may be the cause of the gastrointestinal symptoms seen, including abdominal pain, gas, bloating, and chronic diarrhea (loose stools). He also found 14 of 21 children had low lactase activity. He documented reflux esophagitis in 69.4%, chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa in 41.7%, and chronic duodenal inflammation in 66.7%. Further, high carbohydrate (high insulin), low fat, high glycemic diets (and stress) promote inflammation because GLA is being driven toward Arachidonic Acid by the activating effect of insulin in overwhelming the inhibitory effect of EPA upon the Delta-5 Desaturase enzymes. These kids desperately need a digestive enzyme supplement, but may first need Bromelain, an effective anti-inflammatory enzyme shown to reduce inflammation by 60%. Even more effective would be Vitalzym from Global Light Network, www.global-light-network.com/store/shopaff.asp?affid=516, that supplies both anti-inflammatory and digestive activities. Your doctor has probably forgotten a simple, inexpensive, urine test that he can make in office that uncovers toxic bacteria. Ask for a urinary indican test. Indican is created when the essential amino acid tryptophan is fermented by harmful bacteria in the bowel. If the indican test is positive, decrease intake of sugar and high glycemic carbohydrates because eating these things encourage overgrowth of many types of unfriendly critters, including candida. Supplement friendly flora to crowd out the nasties. This inflamed gut (dubbed Leaky Gut because it has become porous allowing large, food particles of both partially digested protein [peptides] and undigested starch to pass unnaturally into the blood) produces a number of symptoms. Increased intestinal permeability (IP) may reflect damage to the microvilli, which can reduce levels of lactase, the enzyme needed to digest milk sugar, eventually triggering osmotic diarrhea. Once this disease process starts, small bowel mucosal damage, indicated by higher IP ratios, remains an important factor associated with increased acidosis, hypokalemia (lack of potassium), iron deficiency, dehydration, and parasitic infection. Sucrose (table sugar) leaks into the blood, and this abnormal sugar in the blood stream causes a host of problems. Particles [especially from milk (casein) and grains (gluten/gliadin)] called peptides pass through the Leaky Gut, and activate the immune system creating many allergic symptoms, and also creating opioids in the brain that cause much of the weird behavior. Dermorphin, and other opioid-like peptides, can reduce stomach acid output (by inhibiting a zinc-bearing enzyme needed to make HCl), and change emptying time for the stomach, and therefore, hamper digestion. Undigested particles of undercooked grain starches pass into the blood and to the capillaries where they slow and clog blood circulation. Collateral circulation is likely enough to keep the organ functioning, but in the brain, neurons may be lost. This is why digestive enzymes are so vital to break down these protein and starch particles before they reach the gut. Shan and her colleagues found that gliadin is not broken down completely by pancreatic enzymes, but a proline-rich fragment (a large molecule) is left that still adversely affects the bowel in celiac patients. When they looked more closely at the fragment, they found that it was made up of even smaller fragments already known to induce human T-cells to attack the intestine. The team in Norway then measured the ability of the gliadin fragment to induce autoimmune activity. The response by T-cells was about 10 to 20 times higher than to the smaller peptides themselves, Shan said. Because the fragment is rich in the amino acid proline, investigators reasoned that a peptidase (an enzyme that breaks down proteins) with the ability to digest proline-rich chains might be able to break down the gliadin fragment, rendering it harmless to celiac patients. They have now shown that this is the case in test tubes and in rats. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IVfound in milk) digests proline-rich peptides (www.kirkmanlabs.com). Mothers are often perplexed when, having been on Gf/Cf for a period, they find high levels of peptides still present. When a person goes Gf/Cf the body takes the opportunity to dump these things in the blood/urine again. That is why we see them in the urine for some time afterwards. In celiac literature, it speaks of taking seven years to totally clear the system! Treatment of the latter (candida) with conventional synthetic antifungal agents often causes impairment of liver detoxification functions, and a decrease in synthesis of phospho-sulfotransferase, an enzyme necessary to cleave food proteins, e.g., casein, into smaller easily absorbable peptides.Dr. Hugh Fudenberg, MD. Thus, fungicides exacerbate the opioid problem, and increase the potential for toxicity in PST kids. Of utmost significance is the observation that those eating soy proteins or drinking soy milk may also have high peptide readings in their urine. Soy proteins are used extensively as emulsifiers, binders, and stabilizers in meat, poultry, snack foods, sausage, frozen spaghetti, and whipped toppings. Textured vegetable protein is soy-based, and many meat substitutes are soy-based. It has been found that those on soy may have high values of gliadorphin and casomorphin, presumably because of peptides from soy that are similar or identical to those in gluten or casein (Zhang XZ, Wang HY, Fu XQ, Wu XX, Xu GL. Bioactive small peptides from soybean protein. Anri NY, Acad Sci 1998 Dec 13, 864: 640-5. Additionally, those on SerenAid or EnzymAid may show high peptide values in the urine. This may be because these products are interfering with the test. Are the symptoms being suffered symptoms of autism, or of malnutrition, toxicity, and immune changes induced by that chronically inflamed, out of balance, gastrointestinal tract? Can nutritional intervention ameliorate these autistic symptoms? Digestion 101 Digestion begins in the mouth. Here foods are to be chewed until totally fluid, thus mixing ptyalin and other enzymes necessary to digestion of starch with the food. No fluids should be taken during chewing. Furthermore, thorough mastication of food may nourish the gut by providing it with salivary Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) that is healing to the epithelial lining of the gut. Purified Epidermal Growth Factor has been shown to heal ulceration of the small intestine. The food then passes to the stomach where it is thoroughly mixed and ground down to smaller pieces, separated and held back as required for proper digestion. It may be held for an hour while starches continue to digest. Food ready for digestion passes to the lower stomach, the pyloric antrum, where most digestion takes place. This highly sensitive area of the stomach controls the acidity of the stomachs digestive juices. Secretions of the parietal cells into the stomach create the acid necessary to the breakdown and digestion of proteins. Acting as a thermostat, its G-cells secrete varying amounts of gastrin into the blood that signals the H2 cells of the upper stomach to produce more or less acid as needed. Histamine acts on the H2 receptors of the upper stomachs parietal cells empowering them to produce hydrochloric acid (HCl) when called for by gastrin. Its interesting to note that the acid is actually produced in the stomach by the mixing of chemicals secreted by these cells. Acetylcholine, released by the nerves, also affects the amount and timing of HCl production. Stress and emotions, then, also affect HCl production. Sodium and potassium are required in optimal amounts for production of HCl. If these things are not happening, your child may refuse meat, or will not digest it well, producing ammonia. He may also suffer acid reflux damaging his esophagus (in 67.4%). These same cells also release Intrinsic factor necessary to utilization of vitamin B12. This dislike for meat, or a loss of taste, could indicate cellular distress and possibly cancer, or a lack of hydrochloric acid, or a copper or ammonia toxicity, or a zinc deficiency, for zinc controls the enzyme that makes HCl. Because there is a strong association between protein and zinc content in virtually all foods, insufficient protein intake, or stress on fish and fowl and vegetarianism, may often be the cause of zinc deficiency. The food additive tartrazine (Yellow dye #5) is found to act directly as a zinc-chelating agent, and it blocks vitamin B6 by binding B6 dependent enzymes as does insecticides, Theophylline (asthma drug), benzene, and hydrazine. Vitamin B6 is vital to zinc and magnesium utilization. Zinc is an essential component of about 70 metalloenzymes (including dehydrogenases lactate, malate, alcohol, and glutamate), alkaline phosphatase, carbonic anhydrases, carboxypeptidase A and B, metallothionein, and DNA and RNA polymerases. Zinc is thus widely found in relatively high concentrations throughout the body. Zinc and magnesium both play a specific role in protein synthesis. A deficiency of these metallic nutrients will affect protein synthesis. A deficiency has far reaching consequences. Niacin is also involved in protein synthesis. It functions in conjunction with zinc as a coenzyme in DNA polymerase. Research by Hsu studied the effects of only one nutrient deficiency, zinc, on the levels of free amino acids in urine, plasma, and skin. When there was a zinc deficiency, there was an inability for the body to metabolize all of the available amino acids consumedthus they were excreted into the urine as waste. Thus, the level of zinc in the body determines the overall ability of the cells to produce new protein for growth. Studies show that a marginal zinc deficiency reduces serum testosterone levels by 50% in adults. This adversely affects muscle tone and strength as well as digestion and utilization. Acrodermatitis enterophatica is presently the most well recognized human zinc responsive syndrome attributable to an inherited defect of zinc absorption. However, there are also a variety of other conditions that have been found to respond to zinc therapy, such as idiopathic hypogeusia, improvement in wound healing, gastric ulcers, acne, rheumatoid arthritis, as well as dyslexia. Zinc controls the release of vitamin A from the liver. An inadequate zinc nutriture has been linked with a variety of immune deficiency disorders, including cancers in both animals and in humans. Complex nitrogen (protein) metabolism appears to flourish in children with seizures, developmental delay, and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) involving not only Nitric Oxide (NO), but nitrogen retention as a whole (described previously as purine autism by Mary Coleman). Kids presenting with suppression of carbon dioxide (CO2) may shun nitrogen rich foods due to the formation of ammonia (an alkaline compound of nitrogen and hydrogen) leading to a state of hyperammonemia. Excitotoxic effects of ammonia are augmented by increased synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), which is associated with N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDAexcitatory) receptor activation and/or increased synaptic transport of arginine. High levels of NO are a consequence of excitotoxin damage. Excess NO has been shown to inhibit sulfation of GAGs. The behavior associated with excess NO/ammonia production in the autist is maniacal laughter. Hyperammonemia means that ammonia, instead of being discharged by the liver, is recirculated into the blood stream. It is apparently caused by a deficiency of four Amino Acids: Citrulline, Aspartic Acid, Threonine, and Arginine. Vegetarians are especially susceptible to Hyperammonemia because of the lack of essential, Medium-Chained Amino Acids (L-Leucine, L-Isoleucine, and L-Valine) that in turn cause a deficiency of those Amino Acids named above. A lack of biotin contributes to excess ammonia. Thus, a hyperammonemic state yields the spacy brain fog reaction, or in more severe instances may lead to seizures. Childhood episodes of high ammonia (hyperammonemia) may be brought on by viral illnesses, including chickenpox, overgrowth of clostridia bacteria in the gut, or even exhaustion. There is likely to be an ammonia smell to the urine. This can be misleading for ammonia can be endogenous, or it can be formed by bacteria in the bladder, or in the diaper! Protease digestive enzymes may relieve the burden. The condition is often misdiagnosed as Reyes syndrome. Over breathing, expelling too much carbon dioxide through fast, shallow, or even fast, deep breathing is part of the primitive stress response built into every human body. If this natural fight-or-flight response becomes chronic, the lack of CO2 causes much havoc. Autistics (90% or more) have low C02 (alkaline condition); hyperactive children often have high C02 (acid condition). For high C02, give HCl before meals, but only if serum chloride is not elevated. One also may give apple cider vinegar (if tolerated) to lower CO2, or phosphoric acid (Phosfood)Patricia Kane. Dr. Robert Fried found that hyperventilation (low CO2, high alkalinity) precedes seizures and results in arterial constriction, including brain arteries, and spasms. This reduces blood flow and oxygen supply to the brain. This affects the brains metabolism, therefore its function. Giving bicarbonate often can control these seizuresPatricia Kane. This would raise CO2 and acidify the system. Additionally, apnea is the absence of effective breathing for 20 seconds (15 in a preemie) and is associated with color changes (blue, gray, or dusky) and/or reduced muscle tone (turning floppy). In the infant, whether premature or not, breathing is exquisitely controlled primarily by the level of carbon dioxide in the blood, and to a lesser extent by oxygen levels. The method of children re-breathing their own air through masking used at The Institutes for the Achievement of Human Potential has often been helpful with these children as they raise their CO2 and oxygen levels (and acidify the system). (Conversely, one Mom writes, What we thought to be seizure behavior are periods of her blood pressure dropping suddenly and dangerously.) Fried concluded that the abnormal electrical activity picked up on EEGs is the result of seizures, not the cause, nor the seizure itself. CO2 is the main regulator of Cerebral Blood Flow, so this impaired vasoreactivity (constriction) may reflect the brain dysfunction in the seizure focus and adjacent areas. Snoring is often a precursor of serious upper airway disorders. When persons with sleep apnea fall asleep, their tongue falls back into their throat, blocking their airway. As they struggle for breath, their blood pressure soars, Dr. Arthur Friedlander, who worked on the study, said further, We believe that this rise in blood pressure damages the inner walls of the carotid arteries lining the sides of the neck. Cholesterol and calcium stick to the injury sites and amass into calcified plaques that block blood flow to the brain. The result is often a massive stroke. The calcium deposits are just the tip of the iceberg, he said. The X-ray cant show the true size of the plaque, which is also made up of fat, platelets, and other soft tissue. However, it is not these large plaques that cause the major problems. Often, they dont exist. The major problem relates to unstable, smaller plaques that break apart and clog smaller vessels causing the problem. Researchers at Southampton (UK) found that supplying Omega-3 oils increased the stability of these plaques by 50% thus preventing sudden deaths by stroke and the likelihood of future heart attacks! The damage to the vessels can largely be prevented by an adequate intake of magnesium and the vitamin B6 needed to utilize it. Several studies have shown that supplementing 500-700 mg magnesium per day can significantly reduce blood pressure. Estimates indicate that this could save at least half of those dying from heart attack and stroke! When a person is suffering from sleep apnea, air cannot flow in or out of the nose or mouth. Oxygen is not taken in so carbon dioxide builds to dangerous levels in the blood. Its like pressing a pillow over someones face, Friedlander said. Some symptoms caused by apnea are: * Limb jerking, punching, and kicking during sleep * Depression, reduction in motivation * ADHD symptoms (hyperactivity) * Morning headaches, bloodshot eyes * Multiple trips to the bathroom during sleep time * Heartburn (Acid Reflux) * Waking up very tired (feeling exhausted) and thirsty * Weight gain and love handles in men over 35 * Irritability * Memory problems * Poor ability to concentrate * Poor motor skills * Daytime fatigue * Excessive sleepiness during waking hours By examining blood chemistries, the data that began to unfold was fascinating and clearly earmarked the acidosis (SIC, actually alkalosis) and hypoxic state. Seizures were often brought under control by examining the electrolytic disturbance, and matching them to the childs needs. Potassium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate, and the like were used. (Potassium Bicarbonate from Emerson Ecological, Inc., www.emersonecologics.com). (These normally alkaline minerals release the carbonate raising carbonic-acid levels, acidifying the system and raising CO2. CO2 acts as an anticonvulsant, and also reduces glucose metabolites, which accumulate around the foci of convulsion. Blood flow is increased to the brain. Petit mals have been stopped using magnesium carbonateWSL.) Now, we began to understand why so many children responded to Buffered C (potassium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate), and why others needed a more specific buffer (in some children for example niacin was grossly depleted, and they required niacin bicarbonate). (Calcium carbonate tends to constipate, and may be useful in controlling diarrhea, or when magnesium is tending to loose bowels, but it acidifies the systemWSL.) Buffers and butyrates attenuate (lessens the effects of) abnormal nitrogen metabolism (protein digestion), however, children with ASD are unique in their presentations, and as we examine nitrogen retention/NO (nitric oxide), electrolyte stability, catalysts, and lipid status to determine disturbances in metabolism, it requires that we act upon these aberrations in an integrative manner from a cellular perspective, not as singular interventions.... We found that mineral endings contained in many multiples were worthless (magnesium oxidea laxative), or irritating to the CNS (aspartates, excess can be excitatory), or to the urea cycle (picolinates raise uric acid or BUN, and disturb the urea cycle), but the children responded beautifully to alkaline salts such as Buffered C, to the carbonates, and to digestive support, including duodenum (naturally containing secretin and other components of the small intestine1 teaspoon after meals. Obtain from www.krysalis.com WSL.), and pancreas (available in porcine, bovine, or bovine derivatives1 to 2 capsules after mealsWSL)Patricia Kane. There are two problems with the carbonate forms: 1) Like the other inorganic forms, its the most poorly absorbed (only 5-10%); and 2) Unlike the other inorganic forms, calcium carbonate requires (and binds) the most gut acids. Thats why TUMS is sold. Though most children with Autism may show low Co2 and an alkaline pH, some may have high CO2, low oxygen, and low pH. Further, while most people can tolerate a wide range of CO2, others cannot, and a small excess can trigger anxiety and panic attacks. An adult serving of 200 mg 5-HTP (children 100 mg) may alleviate the anxiety and panic. Results should be apparent within two hours or less. I found...that many, many of these children are in negative nitrogen balance. Their BUN-to-creatinine ratios are very highDr. Mary Megson. Low creatinine, BUN, and uric acid are markers of a lack of nitrogen. Nitrogen retention is dependent upon dietary consumption of nitrogen-rich foods (proteins), along with lipid consumption (fats), electrolyte stability, and mineral density and balance. Those with organic acidemias or amino acidemias will often exhibit this same protein intolerance. Those with elevations of BUN are deficient in lipids and mineral base (check for dehydration). Purines are key building blocks for the synthesis of DNA and RNA, and are involved in a variety of other cellular processes. Purine autism was first characterized in the 1970s by Mary Coleman who noted elevated levels of uric acid in the urine of some patients. Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism, and is elevated in other diseases of purine metabolism such as Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome. Recent studies at UCSD suggest that some of the autistic patients with elevated urate levels also have evidence of abnormally high rates of intracellular purine synthesis further indicating that they have a purine metabolism defect. A few of these patients have been treated with dietary restrictions of fatty proteins and an analog of uridine for several years, with improvements observed in cognitive performance and muscular function. Repligen Corp now holds the patent to uridine treatment for this condition. High uric acid may indicate high homocysteine requiring Vitamins B6, B12, and folic acid. High homocysteine is also an indication of Hypothyroidism that inhibits B-vitamin absorption (Broda Barnes 1976, and Cleveland Clinic 1999). Do the Iodine Test and support the thyroid as outlined herein. Copper deficient rats also showed high uric acid, higher sugar levels, and weakened immune systems. The amount of urea excreted depends on hydration of the patient. If dehydrated (and most of our kids are), then low tubular flow in the kidneys will allow more urinary filtrate so more urea is absorbed leading to a higher serum level. Additionally, elevated uric acid, white blood count, and CPK enzymes in a patients lab work may indicate yeast-induced psychosis, but not all patients reacting to yeast will be suffering from an overgrowth large enough to show up in lab tests. The amino acid ornithine is an effective supplement for removing uric acid as is celery seeds. A pleasurable way is to eat a bowl of cherries every day! It doesnt matter the type. An adult needs about 22 cherries a day. Dr. Ted Page reported a more puzzling form with low uric acid and a high amount of an enzyme, nucleotidase, in the cells of skin samples. Children with a high level of heavy metals have a low amount of uric acid. A uric acid reading of less than 3.0 is an indicator for heavy metal toxicity. This probably means that child has impaired ability to produce purines that are converted to uric acid in the body, so the low uric acid may indicate an inability to release purine. Additionally, those with deep suppression of uric acid may have difficulty with sulfation (sulfite to sulfate) in the conversion of xanthine to uric acid, a molybdenum dependent step. A supplement of moly may help. Purine is needed for energy production, and adequate protein is needed for muscle and growth. There is a school of thought that tells us we ought not to eat much protein, as it is hard on the kidneys. Except for the instances we have discussed, unhealthy swelling or dropsy that accompanies so many diseases (especially those of heart or kidneys) may well be an indication of too little protein intake. A kidney-diseased patient should take more protein, not less, in order to replace the nitrogen being lost through the kidneys. Each should eat the amount of protein indicated by his metabolic type. Purine is involved with all energy reactions in the body. This is another reason why toxic metals can cause muscle weakness because they are inhibiting energy production by the body. This abnormality may indicate we have another therapeutic treatment for autism, through the supplementation of purine (eat dark meats). Treatment with pyrimidine nucleotides or nucleosides has resulted in a marked improvement in symptoms. The sugar, Ribose was also therapeutically beneficial, but to a lesser degree. Avoid copper if uric acid is significantly suppressed (BodyBio Corp. note). High uracil readings with normal or slightly elevated thymine may indicate a lack of folic acid needed to convert uracil to thymine. A deficiency of molybdenum would likely be associated with abnormally low levels of uric acid in the blood and high sulfate in the urine. Supplementation of sulfur in any form will tend to deplete moly. When BUN, Creatinine, and Uric acid are low, there is a need for organic poultry and seafood, particularly for the fatty ones. Eat dark meat not white, fatty fish, not dry. Additionally, inhibition of guanase activity could reduce the availability of endogenous xanthine, but would also reduce uric acid formation. A supplement of xanthine may help in this instance. As previously stated, the amount of urea excreted depends on hydration of the patient, if over-hydration occurs there will be high tubular flow rate in the kidneys and less urate is reabsorbed so serum level will be low. Through its conversion into carbonic acid, carbon dioxide is the most vital player in the maintaining of the bodys acid-base balance (actually buffering movement in pH). Lowering carbon dioxide in the lungs by hyperventilation shifts the bodys pH towards alkalinity, which slows the rate of activity of all body ferments, enzymes, and vitamins. Another major cause of alkalosis is the glutathione deficiency that is pervasive in Autism and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Low glutathione causes an elevation in citrate, which in turn lowers a substance (2,3 DPG) that controls the release of oxygen from hemoglobin. Our blood can be full of oxygen, but without enough of this substance it cannot break free and get into the cells. This causes oxygen deprivation in the tissues (hypoxia) that makes the body switch over to anaerobic metabolism, which can be painful. This shift in the rate of metabolic-regulator activity disturbs the normal flow of metabolic processes and leads to the death of the cell. The lowering of carbon dioxide in the nerve cells heightens the threshold of its excitability, alerting all branches of the nervous system and rendering it extraordinarily sensitive to outside stimuli. This hypersensitivity to light, sound, touch, taste, smell, heat, or cold leads to irritability, sleeplessness, stress problems, unfounded anxiety, fears, allergic reactions, and inordinate stress. Concurrent with this, the breathing center in the brain is further stimulated causing a further loss of carbon dioxide with increased alkalinity. A vicious cycle has commenced. The detrimental influence of the rapid, deep breathing on the organism is a direct result of the creation of a carbon-dioxide deficit. It is clear that a deepening of the breathing does not necessarily mean an increase in oxygen uptake. On the contrary, it can mean a decrease in oxygenation, which leads to hypoxia, an alkaline imbalance, and cell spasming. You are hyperventilating if breathing is predominantly thoracic (chest); if little use is made of the diaphragm (abdominal movement is minimal); if breathing is punctuated by frequent sighs; if sighing has an effortless quality with a marked forward and upward movement of the sternum but little lateral expansion.Dr. Robert Fried. If the above condition is suspected, one should obtain a roll of pH paper and check the pH of saliva and urine. Details of this testing are found in my electronic book Self-help to Good Health, (34 Chapters, 535 Pages, $24.95 US) in the Chapter Digestion and Utilization. Saliva pH when not eating should be 6.5 to 7.5. The higher readings would likely be better. While eating, it should rise one full number, 7.5 to 8.5. An excessively acid condition would likely signal a too high CO2 or an intake of too many carbonated minerals. The lungs are not getting the carbon dioxide out and the needed oxygen in. The opposite would be true for an excessively alkaline conditionthere is too little CO2, or too little glutathione, and the cells will be starving for oxygen. Electrolyte levels, particularly of calcium (or perhaps more accurately, of vitamin D to utilize the calcium), also control the pH. Some think the best time for checking urine pH is mid morning and late afternoon before the evening meal. Others prefer the first urine of the morning. A word of warning: in using sodium bicarbonate excessively, potassium can be excreted producing a potassium deficiency that can cause heart palpitations. Use of too much bicarbonate can cause the system to become overly acid. Dr. Carl Reich considers these saliva pH values taken between meals to mean: 4.5-6.0 you have a disease, 6.0-6.5 you are developing a disease, 6.5-7.4 you are in a healthy range (The Calcium Factor by Robert R. Barefoot and Carl J. Reich, M. D). If suffering hyperammonemia, or over alkalinity of any cause, calm the childs breathing in whatever manner you can in order to raise CO2 levels, and use these carbonate buffers to restore CO2 and body acidity. One quick way to restore acidity is to drink a teaspoon of raw, unfiltered, apple-cider vinegar every hour or so until desired acidity is restored. Deep breathing can be used consciously, and perhaps unconsciously, to make more alkaline an already acid system. As Dr. Fried states, the over breathing may be the bodys best adjustment to its present needs. If the acidity were that of excess lactic acid, consciously hyperventilating would likely make the condition worse. Use these methods also to stop severe allergic reactions. The average asthmatic, for example, over-breathes 3-5 times the recommended amount, sometimes more. If you think someones having an allergic reaction, and you dont have those (bi)carbonate buffers, try half a teaspoon or a teaspoon of baking soda in a half-glass of water. Sometimes, that will stop a reaction within 10 to 15 minutes. Three commercial, bicarbonate products AlkaAid, Alka-Seltzer Gold, and AlkaLime, or alkali salts (from health food stores, usually a combination of sodium and potassium and sometimes calcium carbonate) can be used. This is very effective, not only in stopping reactions, but if you take it before you eat a food to which you are sensitive, you can sometimes prevent a reaction. If youre going to dinner, and youre not quite sure what theyre going to serve, you certainly should try to take that in advance. Supporting the thyroid will increase carbon dioxide production. Remember, taking a high amount of potassium may be most valuable, but it tends to deplete vitamin B12, as does high amounts of vitamin C, and using sodium bicarbonate excessively can excrete potassium producing a potassium deficiency that can cause heart palpitations and reduce HCl production. Conversely, drinking a large glass of orange juice every day, as advocated by the American Cancer Society, may eventually drain all your magnesium making you very ill. Under no circumstances take more than 4 ounces of juice (adults)! Many have found bee pollen, or perhaps more so, honeycomb, from local honey farms to be highly effective in relieving environmental allergy. Start with very small amounts, and slowly increase amounts until the allergy is overcome. ButyrEn (butyric acid) by Allergy Research Group/Nutricology, Inc (800-782-4274) is a short-chain, fatty-acid, dietary supplement in the form of an enteric-coated formulation of calcium and magnesium salts of butyric acid (2 tablets crushed, 2x daily, mixed in food). It supports the integrity of colonic mucosa by acting as primary fuel for the colonic epithelium. Colonic bacteria normally produce it if there is plenty of fiber, but when these bacteria are disrupted, this supplement will support colon health as you rebuild colon flora. Several studies have reported a correlation between a low level of stool butyrate and a higher incidence of colon cancer, and one animal study supplying a very high level of butyrate eliminated early stage colon cancer. Butyrate is a natural histone deacetylase inhibitor, and thus has anticancer activity. Butyrate has been shown to modulate local electrolyte flux, thereby mediating diarrhea. Alpha ketoglutarate clears ammonia, and butyrate clears ammonia, spores, and nitrogen. Butyrate and another short-chain fatty acid, caprylic acid, are frequently used as anticandida agents. Ecological Formulas (800) 654-4432 supplies a fluid butyrate. Liver and gallbladder congestion are major issues in states of toxicity. To insure that your gallbladder bile flow is functional add magnesium taurate or L-taurine, glycine, and butyric acid. The oral use of butyrate, a short 4-carbon-chain-fatty acid, is of striking benefit (Fusunyan et al 1998, Segain et al 1983, Yin et al 2001) in mobilizing renegade fats, lowering TNF(a), sequestering ammonia, and clearing biotoxins. An increased amount of niacinamide will be helpful too for it aids in release of toxins stored in fats. Sugar, caffeine, alcohol, and drugs deplete niacin. Vitamins E, C, selenium, CoQ10, phosphatidylcholine, and low dose Alpha Lipoic Acid all support the liver. Nevertheless, Though butyrate works, arginine, ornithine, magnesium, and manganese are far superior and proper in the detoxification of ammonia Mark Schauss of Carbonbased Labs. As indicated, the undigested protein turns into ammonia and goes to the brain. Kane recommends that one hour after every meal, when the body is supposed to be producing its own bicarbonate the carbonate buffers be given (carbonates give off CO2 when neutralizing hydrochloric acid), along with a big glass of carbonated (CO2) water (this load of CO2 will acidify the systemWSL). I feel this is too soon for it will stop protein digestion and defeat the purpose of intervention. Studies of stomach content have shown that for up to an hour after eating, the stomach produces no acid, but digests carbohydrate. Though dumping takes place in small lots over time, it seems to me that 2 1/2 or 3 hours after eating would coincide with dumping acid chyme, and serve the purpose better. A child with these problems will consume mostly carbohydrates. All those carbs cause high glucose which produces more insulin than is healthful, and that interferes with fatty acid metabolism and protein utilization, and produces insulin resistant cells, tending to overweight and diabetes. Overweight children with high levels of insulin in their blood are also likely to have high levels of homocysteine, a substance that appears to raise the risk of heart disease, stroke, and birth defects, as well as possibly other adverse effects as well. In addition, these children and adolescents appear to have lower levels of folate, a vitamin that can lower homocysteine levels. These children may have high albuminwhich is the substance that transports toxins out of the body. High albumin means high levels of toxins are presently being transported. Albumin binds organic acids and neutralizes their toxic effect to some extent. A low serum albumin is a significant risk factor that results in a more serious clinical episode in patients with organic acidemias. The administration of valproic acid (Depakene), or salicylates, should be carefully evaluated in cases of suspected organic acidemias, since these drugs also bind to albumin and diminish the protective effect of albumin in neutralizing toxic organic acids. Swedish developmental biologist Rodier has found that valproic acid, a common anti-seizure drug known to induce autism, causes brain damage in rodents, and precisely in the places expected, based on whats known about autism. Anytime you are taking Valproic Acid, you must supplement L-carnitine (Carnitor) and folic acid to avoid the deadly consequences of their deficiency. It may be wise not to supplement more than one milligram of folic acid without your doctors advice for it may reduce the drugs effectiveness and induce seizures. Indicative of the possible harm from Valpoic Acid is this: folic acid is already lacking in the alcoholic, those with chronic disease, the anorexic, the premature infant, the elderly, the pregnant, and in those suffering hyperthyroidism, neoplasia, hemolytic (chemical poisoning) anemias, and psoriasis! Eat your greens! Adding an oil dressing raises folate intake ten fold. Lactic acid may be elevated in a wide range of conditions including the pyruvate dehydrogenase, pyruvate carboxylase, 6 diphosphatase, and phosphenol-pyruvate carboxykinase, and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase deficiencies, glycogen storage disease type I, fructose 1, and respiratory chain deficienciesWm. Shaw. At least the pyruvate dehydrogenase is dependent on vitamin B1 that may be lacking. Additionally, vigorous exercise, bacterial overgrowth of intestines, shock, anemia, and an absence of sufficient oxygen will elevate lactic acid. Excess lactic acid will eventually result in the death of the cell. A possible link of metal toxicity to chronic fatigue is via metal binding to the sulfhydryl-containing antioxidant, lipoic acid, making lipoic acid unavailable for its vital role in the energy-producing tricarboxylic acid (citric acid, Krebs) cycle. A deficiency of lipoic acid results in reduced muscle mass, brain atrophy, failure to thrive, and increased lactic acid accumulation. An enzyme complex that contains lipoic acid, niacin, and thiamine breaks down the pyruvate. If pyruvate were high, I would supplement these nutrients. Intracellular levels of glutathione increased as much as 50% with administration of lipoic acid. When the mitochondrial respiratory chain (Krebs or citric acid cycle) is blocked, metabolites that are normally processed by its enzymes may build up in the cells and cause problems. When glutathione levels are compromised, the mitochondrial respiratory chain is a vulnerable target and cell death ensues. Both L-carnitine and N-acetylcarnitine can by-pass the defect in Complex I that is seen in Parkinsons and Huntingtons diseases. Richard Kelley from Kennedy Krieger in his presentation at Mitochondria Interest Group Minisymposium in March of 2000 stated, When identified below the age of two years, affected children often respond to therapy designed to augment Complex I activity (supplement carnitine, niacin, and or NADHENADAWSL). We propose that, like the basal ganglia, areas of the brain important in language development and personal, social interaction are especially vulnerable in the first two years to injury mediated by defects of mitochondrial energy metabolism, and that early and careful evaluation of autistic children for these more subtle mitochondrial disturbances may rescue them from more severe brain injury. He also pointed out, Although we find a variety of autistic phenotypes to have associated mitochondrial abnormalities, the most common is nonspecific PDD, typically a form that manifests language and cognitive regression or stagnation during the second year. ENADA, riboflavin, niacin, thiamine, alpha lipoic acid, carnitine, and vitamin K all improve mitochondrial energy production. Aluminum interferes with the citric acid cycle (inhibits alpha-ketoglutarate and results in toxic levels of ammonia), and thereby reduces energy production from foods. This has been shown to influence mood and energy levels. High aluminum levels were found to be related to encephalopathies and dementia. Recent studies suggest that aluminum contributes to neurological disorders such as Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, senile and presenile dementia, clumsiness of movements, staggering when walking, and inability to pronounce words properly. Early symptoms may include fatigue, headache, and symptoms of phosphate depletion. Aluminum, as obtained from antacids, can bind pepsin and weaken protein digestion. It also has astringent qualities, and thus can dry the tissues and mucous linings and contribute to constipation. Regular use of aluminum-containing deodorants may contribute to the clogging of underarm lymphatics and then to breast problems such as cystic disease. The effect of aluminum in contributing to Alzheimers is offset by adequate magnesium that is universally lacking in the American diet. Further, it is theorized that supplementing 500 mg magnesium per day would cut heart disease by 50%! Acute aluminum poisoning has been associated with constipation, colicky pain, anorexia, nausea and gastrointestinal irritation, skin problems, and lack of energy. Slower and longer-term increases in body aluminum may create muscle twitching, numbness, paralysis, and fatty degeneration of the liver and kidney. It is worse with reduced renal function. Aluminum may reduce the absorption of selenium and phosphorus from the gastrointestinal tract. The loss of bone matrix from aluminum toxicity can lead to osteomalacia, a softening of the bone. Skin rashes have occurred with local irritation from aluminum antiperspirants. To detoxify aluminum take a two or three teaspoons of apple cider vinegar (malic acidalso used in the mitochondria) each day. This can be as salad dressing or drank with the morning glass of water. Dr. Paul Bragg, ND, Ph.D., brought 3 mentally retarded children into his home and gave them two teaspoons of pure Apple Cider Vinegar with a heaping teaspoon of raw honey and a potassium rich diet. After 3 weeks they became more mentally alert, and in one year they were able to join school again with children of their own age! Similar results were had with mentally retarded adults and with senile adults. This may be served two or three times a day. Pyruvate is a chemical derived from glucose thats normally shipped into the mitochondria. A mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle that resides in the cytoplasm of every cell. These vary in number from 200 of these tiny boilers to 10,000 per cell (expanding in number to meet the need)! One of the more unsung heroes of cellular life, the mitochondria use Pyruvate and fatty-acid metabolism and electron transport to provide energy for cells. Researchers studying the enterprising organelle have discovered that in 95 percent of the cases of stroke, Alzheimers disease, and ALS there are elevated levels of free radicals and crashed mitochondria. Pyruvate is processed further so that the respiratory chain can harvest its potential energy. However, when the respiratory chain (electron transport) is blocked, pyruvate accumulates outside the mitochondria, and when too much pyruvate has accumulated, the cells start to convert it to lactic acid. Many patients with mitochondrial disease have lactic acidosislactate in the blood, neuroscientist Eric Schon of Columbia University in New York says. And theres decent evidence that the lactate isnt just a sign of faulty mitochondria, but that the lactate itself is badespecially in the brain, but probably also in the muscle. If this is true, then holding that lactate down would help the patient. There is a frequent association of lactic acidosis and carnitine deficiency in autistic patients, which suggests excessive nitric oxide production in mitochondria (Lombard, 1998; Chugani et al, 1999). Sport by Mannatech can aid in removing excess lactic acid, whether in sports, or in autism; however, supplementing small amounts of alpha lipoic acid (several times a day), NADH, and CoQ10 may enable the mitochondria to use the pyruvate. Children with inborn errors of pyruvate metabolism showed symptomatic improvement with a supplement of Alpha Lipoic Acid. A deficiency of carnitine decreases the activity of Cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV), NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), and succinate dehydrogenase that regulate three of the five steps in the process by which cells oxidize food to energy in the mitochondria. Supplementing acetyl-L-carnitine restores the function of the antioxidant enzyme cytochrome c oxidase to optimal levels. Additionally, tartaric and citramalic acids, often elevated in autistic children and in sufferers of fibromyalgia, apparently as a byproduct of yeast overgrowth, can interfere with mitochondrial function. These acids are analogs of malic acid and as such they inhibit the enzyme, fumarase, that is important in the production of malic acid needed in the Krebs Cycle in its production of energy. The proper function of the Krebs Cycle depends on a continuing supply of malic acid. The very toxic Tartaric and the Citramalic acids block the availability of malic acid in the mitochondria. Supplementing with malic acid (pure Apple Cider Vinegar and/or magnesium malate) brought favorable improvement in the disorder fibromyalgia. A tasty, chewable magnesium, 200 mg (malate, citrate, and gluconate chelate), is available through your doctor from Anabolic Labs at (800) 445-6849 reference number 370015. Cellular energy production itself produces free radicals that can damage cell structures, including the mitochondria, and ultimately lead to various diseases if the bodys natural antioxidant capacity is inadequate. Acetyl L-carnitine and Alpha Lipoic Acid are both endogenous (naturally present in the body) antioxidants that have been shown to restore mitochondrial function and reduce free radical damage. (Hagen TM et al., 1998; Lyckesfeldt J et al., 1998) Together with NADH and coenzyme Q10, they work to maintain the function of the mitochondria. Elevated levels of free radicals from immune activation produced by dietary intake of food substances identified as pathogens (allergens) in the autist contribute significantly to the production of toxic and neurotoxic substances. Mitochondria are vulnerable to a wide array of endogenous and exogenous factors that appear to be linked by excessive nitric oxide production. Strategies to augment mitochondrial function, either by decreasing production of endogenous toxic metabolites, reducing nitric oxide production, or stimulating mitochondrial enzyme activity may be beneficial in the treatment of autism. To accomplish the strategies to augment the mitochondrial function requires that the dietary pathogens be identified and eliminated, the nitrogen containing amino acids be regulated, and the metabolism be functioning at optimal levels with healed mucosal linings and the recognized essential nutrients present and available. The volume of hydrochloric acid needed for digestion may be as important as its strength (acidity). It must register a pH of 3 or below for pepsinogen to be converted to pepsinneeded to dissolve proteins into polypeptides in the first step of reducing protein to amino acids that the body can use. In todays crazy world, even children do not produce enough HCl to digest their foods properly! It seems that autistic children in particular have a preponderant number who are lacking HCl. One test identified 52% lacking. Conditions associated with the depressed secretion of hydrochloric acid include infancy, aging, elevated levels of prostaglandin E2, cannabis use, billiard disease, allergies, autoimmune phenomenon, disorders in calcium metabolism, Vitiligo, and the signs and symptoms associated with fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies (A, E, D, K, Fas). Fatigue, vague epigastric distresses after meals, reflux, chronic excessive intestinal gas, constipation, belching, abdominal distention, coated tongue, nausea, vomiting, morning diarrhea, and frequent appearance of undigested food in stools all signal that HCl secretion may be impaired. Chyme leaves the stomach in small dumps. When the chyme leaving the stomach is sufficiently acid, the duodenum triggers the secretion into the blood of Secretin from S-cells in the small intestine walls. HCl is the only known stimulus of Secretin. Secretin is also formed in the portions of the intestines that lie beyond the duodenum, and the humoral effect of secretin is exerted not only on the pancreas but also on the intestinal glands and the liver (in augmenting the secretion of bile). Zinc appears to influence the bioavailability of secretin as well as the availability of HCl. The amount of Secretin released is dependent on the volume and pH of the chyme. This release of Secretin does three things immediately. It signals the stomach to: 1) shut down HCl production (indicating that infusions should not be administered immediately after a meal, and that signs of an acid stomach after the stomach is empty may be due to a lack of Secretin output), 2) to release bicarbonate of soda in precisely the right amounts to neutralize the acid, and 3) to release pancreatic enzymes to continue the digestion of the food. The Secretin passes throughout the system, even into the brain, where it affects many body functions. Slowed emptying time of the stomach, reduced gastrointestinal symptoms, andin manydramatic improvements in behavior, as manifested in improved eye contact, alertness, and expansion of expressive language, are documented in many of those receiving infusions. Secondarily, Secretin generates a signal to the gallbladder to send down appropriate amounts of bile to aid the digestion of the sensed amount of fat present. The body has many backup or secondary systems to function under varied conditions. When fat and protein enter the duodenum, apparently even in the absence of sufficient acid to trigger Secretin production, cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted from the walls of the duodenum, which signals both the ds and the gallbladder to do their thing. That is why we can exist without HCl, but not well, for HCl/pepsin has not broken down the protein in the stomach, and vitamin B12 is not being assimilated. Similarly, if food is not thoroughly chewed, some carbohydrate digestion will still take place in the small intestine due to the pancreatic enzyme Amylase (that is often deficient in Autism). CCK is dependent upon an adequate supply of the amino acid phenylalanine. Secretin and other hormones are also dependent upon adequate amino acid substrates. Available pools of these sulfhydryl amino acids can be depleted by the metal-induced, high turnover of glutathione (GSH). Persistent candidiasis/dysbiosis associated with mercury (Hg) burden can compromise the absorption of aromatic amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, which are precursors to dopamine/norepinephrine and Serotonin, respectively (Quig, unpublished). Due to poor digestion, and the poor eating habits of these children, amino acid concentrates often must be supplemented. Lewis Laboratories Brewers yeast, or desiccated liver, or pure amino acid supplements must be supplied. Seazyme, a specially predigested concentrate of white fish, is a good way to go since it is absorbed by those too weak to digest regular protein. When supplementing pure amino acids, do not take phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan together as they compete. Be aware that elevations of phenylalanine and dopamine (produced by phenylalanine and tyrosine) have been associated with several known behavioral disorders including schizophrenia and seizures as well as headaches. Do not drink diet drinks with their high phenylalanine and aspartate content. Additionally, be aware that dopamine and norepinephrine, produced by metabolism of phenylalanine in the brain, play an important role in controlling the release of several pituitary hormones (vasopressin, prolactin, oxytocin, luteinizing hormone, growth hormone, and thyroid stimulating hormone). Further, remember that magnesium raises the threshold for seizures, greatly reducing the chance of seizures and of migraine headaches. Throughout this paper, I have stressed the great need for magnesium supplementation. This need is all the more evident when we realize that a USDA survey found only 25% of us receive even the pitifully inadequate RDA amounts, while 39% received less than 70% of RDA! Furthermore, we know that stress (and you and your kid are stressed to the max) greatly increases magnesium excretion, as does many medications and many chronic diseases such as heart failure, lung diseases, MS, diabetes, and other neurodegenerative diseases. If the fat is not digested because of insufficient bile or a lack of the pancreatic enzyme lipase, or there is a deficiency of lipotrophic agents (primarily vitamin B-complex) there will develop a fatty-acid deficiency affecting the amino acid balance, and a deficiency of the fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K contributing to many of the autistic symptoms, and causing heart problems in adults. The already dysfunctional immune system will be further compromised. Scientific studies show that gingerol, one of the primary pungent principles of ginger, helps counter liver toxicity by increasing bile secretion and enhancing Phase I liver enzymes. Ginger has potent anti-microbial and anti-oxidant (food preservative) qualities as well. A recent study, furthering gingers reputation as a stomachic, shows that acetone and methanol extracts of ginger strongly inhibits gastric ulceration. Several studies published in the last two decades have confirmed the traditional claims for use as an anti-vomiting or anti-motion sickness agent. Additionally, it prevents dangerous blood clotting and reduces inflammation. It can be taken as a tasty tea, or in capsules. It also produces nitric oxide, so those with low smooth muscle tone may not wish to use it. If the stool floats, is light tan or gray in color, bulky, shiny, and foul smelling, then fat is not being digested and a supplement of magnesium taurate or L-taurine and L-glycine, and possibly ginger are needed. If these do not correct the problem soon, then a supplement of ox bile or of bile salts is needed. Ill say more on that later. It is of interest to note that lipase is present in good amounts in raw meat, but not at all in cooked meat, and cooking destroys all enzymes found in raw food. To compensate for our cooked-food diet, we must use a digestive enzyme supplement. I recommend Kirkmans EnZym-Complete or Metagenics SpectraZyme, or Hn-Zyme Prime/Peptizyde AFP by Houston, Inc, or Mannatechs GI-Zyme. Houstons AFP has no fruit-source enzymes that are troublesome for some children. Houston also has a product called No-fenol that seems helpful in breaking down fiber and complex carbohydrates of plants. This should release more nutrients and diminish food for Yeast and other pathogens. Felsenfeld, et al, found pancreatic enzymes useful in restoring proper intestinal flora and in the nutritional management of gastrointestinal bacterial overgrowth problems which come from increases in bacteria such as Clostridia, Bacteroides, Pseudomonceae, and the Enterobacteriaceae, such as E. Coli and Klebsiella. Many of these organisms can be recognized as those bacteria involved in protein putrefaction and the so-called toxic bowel syndrome. Bowel flora mass depends on high intakes of starch, therefore, the London Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) diet, consisting of a low intake of starch (no bread, cakes, potatoes and pasta) has been used in the treatment of AS patients at the Middlesex Hospital with relative success since 1982. AS is adjudged to be caused by or to be aggravated by Klebsiella. It is of interest to note that most disease patients have elevated levels of specific antibodies to Klebsiella microorganisms. The general theory is proposed that HIGH STARCH eaters may develop two types of diseases, depending on their HLA-status: Those that are HLA-B27 POSITIVE will develop AS and those that are HLA-B27 NEGATIVE will develop Crohns disease. In one study, use of azeotropically (a type of distillation) processed pancreatin hastened the return of the altered intestinal flora to their pre-infection levels and restored gastrointestinal ecology. Additionally, vitamin B12, folic acid, and zinc were better absorbed and utilized. As with secretin, CCK does many things throughout the body. There are two receptors identified: CCKA found abundantly in the pancreatic acinar cells, and CCKB, that functions also as gastrin receptors. That is the predominant form found in the brain where CCK produces satiety. Both Secretin and CCK have a direct gut/brain connection. It would appear that gastrin, a hormone produced by the G-cells of the lower stomach, but secreted not into the stomach but into the blood stream, may have widespread effects also as it uses CCKB receptors. Many forms of CCK are active but the octapeptide form of CCK, which is a chain of eight amino acids, is able to promote the same degree of signal at the CCKB receptor regardless of whether sulfate has attached to it or not. On the other hand, the CCKA receptor is a thousand times more responsive to sulfated octapeptide than it is to the octapeptides unsulfated form. In a condition of low sulfate (PSTpoor sulfoxidation), CCKs maturation might be affected, and the delivery of its signal at the CCKA receptor would be unreliable. When one looks at the function of the CCKA receptor, the possible relevance to autism begins to become clear. Though it is clear there are some regions where the CCKA receptor does not regulate the production of the neurotransmitter serotonin, it clearly does have effects in the hypothalamus, and it is also clear that CCK has very powerful effects on serotonin in other regions where the receptor has not been differentiated. It may consequently have effects on serotonins metabolite, melatonin, in the pineal gland. (Serotonin, through its effect on CCKB, produces satietyWSL.) The CCKA receptor powerfully regulates another neurotransmitter, dopamine, and also intrinsic factor, a substance in the digestive system that allows the body to absorb vitamin B12. When B12 is lacking, it will result in elevations in methylmalonic acid in the urine, which was found to be consistently elevated in the children in Wakefields recent study...The CCKA receptor also governs the release of and regulates the release of the hormone oxytocin, dubbed the social hormone,....CCK also helps to regulate another hormone: motilinSusan Owens. Thus, a lack of sulfation will greatly diminish available pancreatic enzymes necessary to digestion, and adversely affect all these neurotransmitter functions (see the information on sulfation deficit, and PST below). Opioid peptides inhibit oxytocin release, and thereby promote the preferential secretion of vasopressin when it is of functional importance to maintain homeostasis during dehydration and hemorrhage. Both neuromodulators and neurohormones coexist in the same neuronSusan Owens. Vitamin B12 is essential for myelinogenesis in the developing central nervous system, a process that is not complete until around the age of 10 years. B12 deficiency may, therefore, be a contributory factor in the developmental regression. The primary sources of vitamin B12, which is essential for brain development, are animal products like meat, dairy products, and eggs. Since Vegan mothers eat little or no animal products, too little vitamin B12 is transmitted to their children through breast milk, according to Dr. Maria Elena Jefferds. Similarly, children who refuse meat, dairy, and eggs or who lack HCl will lack this vital vitamin. Curiously, blood levels of vitamin B12 may appear normal, yet the brain will be lacking. This can cause severe mental deterioration. Many find methylcobalamin shots more effective than oral or sublingual, and this is benefiting those with autism. Parents using over-the-counter CCK, as an oral dietary supplement for their children with autism or PDD, have reported beneficial effects similar to those of Secretin. High doses suppress the appetite, and the product is marketed as a weight loss treatment under the name Bodyonics. CCK is available from GNC stores (800) 797-8828. For use in children, 1/8 to _ of a 100 mg capsule of the CCK product is given exactly one hour after the first bite of food is taken with each meal. The dosing and the timing of administration are critical, and it should only be used under a physicians supervision. Over dosage has caused panic attacks and appetite suppression. When given at the beginning of the meal, pancreatic enzyme secretion begins before the food reaches the small intestine and may cause rectal burning. Being a beef extract, it can cause allergic reactions for those sensitive to beefBiological Treatments for Autism and PDD by Wm. Shaw. Pancreatic function was significantly reduced in patients with hypothyroidism compared with healthy subjects. Treatment with thyroxin restored the pancreatic function to normal. In two additional hypothyroid patients studied by means of duodenal intubation, pancreatic secretion of both bicarbonate and enzymes were found to be significantly decreased. It was concluded that the thyroid gland plays an essential role in maintaining the functional integrity of the exocrine pancreas in humans (Gullo et al, 1991). A new study published in the July issue of the American Journal of Gastroenterology by Dr. Vincenzo Toscano and colleagues at the Universita La Sapienza in Rome indicates that adolescent patients with celiac disease have elevated levels of anti-thyroid and anti-pancreatic autoantibodies. Infants born to women with underactive thyroid were at increased risk of cardiac problems even if the mothers were on medication. (Medication does not correct the nutrient lack, the excess fluoride, or the mercury and lead poisoning that induced the hypothyroidism!) There was increased risk of other problems, mostly intellectual or developmental, in children as a result of hypothyroid (underactive thyroid) pregnancies. Moms with hypothyroidism were more likely than those with hyperthyroidism to have babies with defects. Do the Iodine and Morning Temperature Test for both you and your children and support the thyroid function as outlined later. A simple urine test for iodine being excreted would be even better. The median concentration (of a deficient population) is 145 mcg/L. Unless you test well above that figure, supplement iodine. Fifteen percent are likely to have less than 50 mcg/L! An ultra-conservative figure of 500 mcg/L has been set as excessive iodine. Ideal amounts would be well above that (Orthoiodosupplementation: Iodine Sufficiency of the Whole Human Body by Guy E. Abraham, MD, et al., The Original Internist, Dec 2002. It was shown in an in vivo experiment that treatment of rats with thyroid hormone increased hypothalamic oxytocin (OT) mRNA levels, the pituitary OT content, as well as OT levels in blood. The results reveal thyroid hormone as a physiological regulator of OT gene expression, which stimulates OT promoter activity directly through interaction with a thyroid hormone-response element in the OT gene. (Adan et al, 1992) Thyroid hormones affect oxytocin gene expression in hypothalamic neurons (Dellovade et al, 1999). Researchers observed that there was a remarkable, family resemblance between social bonding and narcotic addictionfrom the initial attachment-dependence phase to the eventual tolerance-withdrawal phases. It rapidly became clear that when animals were given very tiny doses of opiates, they were not distressed by social isolation, and they became comparatively unsocial (even though they could exhibit increases in certain social activities such as rough-and-tumble play). When given opiate antagonists, such as naltrexone, they were more disturbed by social isolation, and they became more eager for gentle and friendly social contact. A double blind study using naltrexone produced significant reduction in autistic symptomology among the 56% most responsive to opioid effects. The behavioral improvements were accompanied by alterations in the distribution of the major lymphocyte subsets, with a significant increase in the T-helper-inducers and a significant reduction of the T-cytotoxic-suppressors and a normalization of the CD4/CD8 ratio. Clinical signs that may attend high urinary opiates are aphasia or poor language development; constipation or constipation mixed with wet stools; strong growth and gain or excess weight for stature; marked perseveration and rigidity; and marked lack of social connectedness. Opioid peptides are known to adversely affect neuronal development in the central nervous system, to affect perception, sleep, pain, cognition, and immune function, and to create perseverative behaviors. Other studies have found that mercury causes increased levels of the CD8 T-cytotoxic-suppressors. Its not a far step to imagine that these opiate effects on social behavior might reflect something that is happening in childhood disorders such as autism. When we focused on the data, it was clear that only the animals given opiates became unsocial with less pain sensitive (dysautonomia), researchers said. Thus, it seemed more compelling to suggest that some kids with autism might also have too much opioid activity in their brain. This was especially attractive since there were experimental drugs, such as naltrexone, that could reduce such brain activities. Still, some of the kids, perhaps the insecure/anxious ones, may have too little opioid activity. Naltrexone should be used only as a diagnostic tool to indicate an opioid problem. The digestive actions (of motilinWSL) can be suppressed...when there is a high level of histamine from an allergic reaction or from an immune attack against parasites, and...when there are low levels of serotonin in the gut. Lowered gut levels of serotonin might occur if bacteria were squandering available tryptophan in order to produce the precursor to indolyl acryloyl glycine (IAG). IAG is very often extremely elevated in urinary profiles of those with autism. (It usually returns to normal when the lactobacillus acidophilus is restored to the gutWm. Shaw). Motilin also appears to be very influenced by opiates. This regulatory influence could have significance in a syndrome in which excess opiates from dietary sources (gluten and casein) have been frequently described; and in which inflammation is frequently seen, because inflammation would induce the expression of endogenous opiates, such as interferon-alpha. These influences upon motilins digestive activity may account for the variable digestive difficulties that are commonly described in autismSusan Owens. Motilin is reported to be elevated in the plasma of some autistics. Motilin has similar effects to morphine on the reflex involved with urination (and may cause difficulty in potty trainingWSL). Acute elevations in plasma motilin seem to follow on the heels of immune activation in the gut and in other GAG-rich areas such as the lungs. It could become elevated in plasma due to a regulatory effect of low bicarbonate released from the pancreas. This could happen if Secretin levels were unusually low, or when CCK is not fully sulfated. Since secretin seems to stimulate the release of sulfated glucosaminoglycans (GAGs) from some epithelial tissue, this interplay of intestinal hormones may furnish more reasons why Secretin has recently been found beneficial to those with autism. Motilin is also an important neurotransmitter found in abundance in the areas of the brain suspected of having problems in autism. It is a major neurotransmitter in Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, where the most conspicuous problems in brain morphology in autism have been describedSusan Owens. Colostrum is very high in motilin, and may be helpful in this respect as well as in its antibacterial properties. It is, however, at least in mothers milk, high in casein, so those on casein-free diets should verify there is none in the commercial colostrum of cows milk. In one independent testing of several brands, only Kirkman Labs Colostrum Gold was casein free. Casein is often hidden in dextrose, maltose, modified food starch, caramel color, barley malt syrup, calcium caseinate, etc. As to potty training, one Mom reports that AIT enabled her son to know when he needed to go. What are GAGs? They are molecules of long, unbranched polysaccharides (mucopolysaccharides) containing a repeating disaccharide unit. The disaccharide units contain either of two modified sugarsN-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), or N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), and an uronic acid such as glucuronate or iduronate. GalNAc and GlcNAc are two of the eight essential polysaccharides. They are lacking in the diet and should be supplemented. GAGs are extremely vital to your health and immune function, and require vital sulfate and adequate manganese to be properly formed. The specific GAGs of physiological significance are hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, heparin, heparan sulfate, and keratan sulfate. The pancreas secretes many enzymes, including amylase (starch digesting) lipase (fat digesting), protease (protein digesting) lactase (milk digesting), and peptidase. The peptidases will breakdown the peptides of milk and gluten that, if undigested, may pass through a damaged Leaky Gut, and become responsible for many of the problems seen in the autistic. Mercury, however, inhibits the peptidasedipeptidyl peptidase IVthat cleaves, among other substances, casomorphin during the digestive process (Puschel et al, 1982). Mercury, then, is a major contributor to the opioid problem. Curiously, gelatin in that favorite of kids, Jell-O, is now said to inhibit this enzyme, and should be eliminated from the diet. The enzyme is dependent on zinc that is universally lacking in these kids, so a zinc supplement would help. Candida, antibiotics, vaccines, and pesticides all deactivate DPP-IVDr. Wm. Shaw. Of 36 vaccinees, 10 were demonstrated to be allergic to gelatinAllergic Reactions to Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccinations, by Anna Marie Patja, MD, Soli Makinen-Kilujen, Ph.D., Irja Davidkin, Ph.D., Mikko Paunio, MD, Ph.D., and Heikki Peltola, MD, Ph.D. The allergic response these opioid-forming peptides cause makes the gut all the more permeable. One study of delinquent boys (Schauss, 1980) found that they drank an average of 64 ounces of milk daily! This is an allergic addiction. The control group of non-delinquent boys drank less than half that amount. Milk doesnt always do the body good. Beta-casomorphine-7 is a morphine-like compound that results in neural dysfunction, as well as being a direct histamine releaser in humans and inducing skin reactions. Additionally, milk increases the bioavailability of Mercury. The rapid turnover of the epithelial cells of the gut (3 to 6 days) demands high nutritional levels, especially of the sulfates, that are not being adequately supplied. A low level dysfunction called dysbiosis develops within the gut. Ordinarily unvirulent organisms (yeasts, fungi, and bacteria) begin to alter the metabolic and immune responses of the body. The immune system may react to and destroy normal gut flora. Contributing to this may be a low grade, measles infection in the gut from vaccines, and chronic infection from common pathogens such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and/or Human Herpes Virus 6 (HHV-6). The liver is overburdened, creating a flood of free radicals that damage the liver and create toxic bile that can damage the pancreas. Restoring the beneficial bacteria that line the intestinal tract may help to prevent the bodys immune system from causing inflammation in the gut. Researchers found that these bacteria are actually able to control the immune system of the host. Additionally, these viruses can be controlled by taking massive doses of vitamin C and A for several days, in conjunction with exercise. Chromium, manganese, selenium, and zinc will benefit. Shenk and his colleagues have shown that a COX-2 Inhibitor can stop CMV from replicating in infected cells. The drug does this by blocking production of cyclooxygenase-2, an enzyme better known as COX-2. Normally, COX-2 helps to manufacture the proinflammatory prostaglandin E2 (PgE2), an eicosanoid that triggers fever and inflammation. Some viruses apparently commandeer PgE2 to help them multiply. Shenk showed that fibroblasts (from human foreskins) infected with CMV made 50 times more PgE2 than normal. The cells stopped making PgE2 altogether, however, as soon as they were exposed to the COX-2 Inhibitor. Virus production by the cells dropped 100-fold! This should be effective against all lipid-enveloped viruses. Additionally, this from another researcher: We found that the inhibition of COX antagonizes Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) propagation both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, aspirin and Celecoxib (COX Inhibitor) both prevented the disruption of the blood brain barrier in VSV-infected mice. In vitro experiments showed that the effect of COX inhibition was at least partially mediated by increased production of Nitric Oxide (NO), a molecule known to inhibit VSV replicationChen N, Warner JL, Reiss CS, Department of Biology, New York University. Actually, PgE2 suppresses the immune system by inhibiting the activation of NK cells. Another group of bad eicosanoids, lipoxins, inhibit the action of NK cells as well. This is vital new information, but we dont need these drugs with all of their side effects (Vioxx was just removed from the market (Sept 2004) for causing heart problems!) to accomplish the reduction of Prostaglandin E2. Balancing fatty acid production will do this, and arginine and other nutrients will increase NO. A supplement of Bromelain also greatly reduces PgE2. See the Section Managing Fatty Acids following. Additionally, vitamin A, monolaurin, and lactoferrin inhibit the growth of CMV. It has been observed that those children whose autism appears at or around the time of birth may have a problem with casein and show diarrhea, eczema, and ear infection from an early age. These have 10 times normal IAG and high peptides; whereas those who show regression into autism at about two years of age following MMR and introduction to a wheat-based diet, have particular difficulties with gluten. These would likely not have high IAG, but do have high peptides. Both gluten and casein may need to be removed, but this may give priority in beginning the program. Wheat gluten is 43% glutamate, the milk casein is 23% glutamate, and gelatin protein is 12% glutamate. Soy milk has a high content of glutamate, and additional glutamate is often added in form of hydrolyzed vegetable protein. Glutamate is an excitotoxin under many circumstances. A test devised by Susan Bryson of York University in Toronto gives an early measure of autism. She measures a child's ability to shift focus from one stimulus to another. First, one light is turned on, and then as a second light is turned on and the first is shut off. All children will shift their focus from the first to the second light. In the second part of the test, the first light is left on as the second is turned on. Normal children will disengage from the first to the second light, but autistic children cannot make that shift. In contrast, a severely retarded 6-month-old can refocus its gaze with no problem. It is worthy of note that over 80% of the children with acute otitis media improve without antibiotic therapy within a week. That compares with 93% recovery during the first week with antibiotic treatment, according to a study released by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Watchful waiting is suggested as preferred treatment. This will prevent the damage to the gut, candida overgrowth, and if made accepted practice, it will greatly reduce bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Strachah of Britain found that 1/3 of cases of otitis media could be attributed to second-hand cigarette smoke. Cantekin found that recurrence after antibiotics was 2 to 6 times greater than for those not using antibiotics! Van Buchem proved that the results of treatment and no treatment were virtually the same! Left to heal itself, the immune system will be the stronger. To enable the body to throw off the infection quickly, use Echinacea extract in juice three times a day. It is totally nontoxic, but it works best if it is taken in courses of 10 days to two weeks. Never exceed eight weeks without a break. It becomes ineffective if used longer. Do not use if allergic to daisies. Put a drop of garlic and mullein oil in the ear also (but not if there is an ear tube in). If you must use antibiotic, request injections to avoid killing gut bacteria. Failing that, take one of the natural antifungal listed herein, and take yogurt or a probiotic supplement. Homeopathy offers an alternative to antibiotics. In one German study, after one year, 70.7% treated with homeopathy had no relapses compared to 56.5% treated with antibiotics. Recurring ear infections or inflammation produces fluid buildup in the inner ear. A magnesium deficiency has been found to result in fluid retention, even after the infection is controlled or eliminated. Fluid retention in the inner ear is a sign of increased magnesium need in children. Do not use antihistamines to dry up the ears for that has been shown to triple the time it took to drain the ear. One way to temporarily address that undigested peptide/leaky gut problem is to remove the casein or gluten, and the allergens from the diet. I urge you to undertake that as early as possible (See www.gfcfdiet.com). Food sensitivities that express themselves in severe symptoms, such as would be the case for autism, rarely are limited only to a relative few food categories, such as gluten and casein. I strongly encourage you to determine the full extent of relief and improvement your child can achieve through dietary intervention. It is essential to avoid not only gluten and casein containing foods, but every other problem food in your childs diet. If the immune system is triggered by an allergen, the body is affected for a minimum of a week to ten days (or longer). So its necessary to be particularly strict at the start of the treatment, when the goal is to cool down the immune system. It has been shown that these opioids permanently increase the permeability of the blood-brain barrier opening the brain to heavy metal poisoning and other toxic damage. Antibodies to gluten of the IgA type have been observed to lead to cerebellar degeneration. Some have been puzzled at seeing these antibodies while on the Gf/Cf diet. Dr. Shattock found that it could take at least a year before the peptides of gluten and casein would no longer be excreted in the urine. The cerebellum (the part of the brain responsible for coordination) and in particular the Purkinje cells (output neurons of the cerebellum) appear to be most susceptible to damage in patients with gluten ataxia, but other areas of the brain are not spared. We were interested to determine the mechanism by which Purkinje cells are damaged in gluten ataxia, commented Hadjivassiliou. Study results show that patients with gluten ataxia have antibodies against Purkinje cells and also that antibodies against gluten (antigliadin antibodies) cross-react with Purkinje cells. It is especially important to have the child gluten-casein free during the teen years when his brain is being pruned of one-third of brain cells and synapses in the maturing of the brain. The opioids hinder this vital phase of development. In instituting a casein-free diet, one must supplement calcium (500 mg) and 1200 IU of vitamin D. Testing has found 2/3 of these children receiving less than the RDI. Only about half of all Americans get the RDA of vitamin D, E, folic acid, and calcium, yet anticonvulsants lower levels of vitamins B6, D, and E, calcium, manganese, zinc, copper, folic acid, and carnitine! Valproic acid, in particular, depletes carnitine, alpha-ketoglutarate, and folic acid, and interferes with the conversion of vitamin B6 to P5P. Additionally, a high amount of vitamin A interferes with vitamin D absorption, creating a calcium problem. Dont reduce vitamin A; rather, increase vitamin D which is woefully inadequate in the American diet. Folic acid deficiency can be caused by use of Depakote, Tegretol, aspirin, Pepcid. Methotrexate, Dilantin, Zantac, oral contraceptives, and 21 other commonly used drugs. Folic acid deficiency symptoms include: harm to DNA that causes abnormal cellular development, especially in those with the most rapid rates of turnover (red cells, leukocytes, and epithelial cells of the stomach and gut, vagina, and uterine cervix). There will be birth defects (Spina Bifida, cleft lip and palate, small head), cervical dysplasia, elevated homocysteine, headache, fatigue, hair loss, memory loss, anorexia, insomnia, diarrhea, nausea, and increased infections. Folic acid is necessary for the production of red blood cells, thus a deficiency can result in anemia leading to tiredness, weakness, diarrhea, and weight loss. Recently, low folic acid levels have been linked to depression (up to 38%), especially in the elderly, and to poorer antidepressant response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Additionally, data from the famous Nurses Health Study, conducted at the Harvard Medical School, show that long-term supplementation with folic acid reduces the risk of colon cancer in women by an astounding 75%. Folate deficiency may cause darkening of the skin and mucous membranes, particularly at the dorsal surfaces of the fingers, toes, and creases of palms and soles. Distribution typically is patchy. Fortunately, the hyperpigmentation gradually should resolve after weeks or months of folate treatment. A modest temperature elevation (<102F) is common in patients who are folate deficient, despite the absence of any infection. An interesting thing about temperature is that many with subclinical Hypothyroidism run temperatures as low as 95 degrees Fahrenheit. An infectious fever in these might be represented by a normal 98.6! (Those with such low temperature will likely not become pregnant.) Although the underlying mechanism is obscure, the temperature typically falls within 24-48 hours of folate treatment and returns to normal within a few days. Nevertheless, supplementation of the general public with large amounts of folic acid will potentially harm many who are undermethylated (more than 50% of ASD children) according to Dr. Wm. Walsh. These should beware of prepared breakfast cereal that gives as much as 400 mcg in a 1-cup serving. If there is a question about supplementing folate, ask the Lab for a Neutrophilic Hypersegmentation Index. If they do not have such to offer, have them draw blood and send it to Meridian Valley Labs, www.meridianvalleylab.com . The cost is only $35.00 US. The expected reading is Zero percent. Should it be more, even 95%, you must take 5 mg a day until a Zero reading is achieved. This will take about 6 months. This formulation is available from www.tahoma-clinic.com. Epilepsy often ceases when the child is placed on a gluten-casein free diet! Additionally, remove him from all allergens. Supplements of copper magnesium, vitamin B1, B6, niacin, vitamin E, selenium, Evening Primrose Oil, GABA, Taurine, and melatonin have been shown to be helpful in ameliorating epilepsy. One should note that a frequent cause of seizures is parasites, usually worms. One must always supplement vitamin B6 when supplementing high amounts niacin to avoid raising homocysteine levels. A supplement of Dimethylglycine (DMG) has benefited many. Clinical studies showed that children using anti-epileptic medication had reduced plasma levels of vitamin E; so doctors at the University of Toronto tested Vitamin E on 24 children with epilepsy whose seizures could not be controlled by medication. The frequency of seizures was reduced by more than 60 percent in 10 of 12 children taking vitamin E supplements. (They took 400 IU per day for three months in addition to their regular medication.) It should be noted that several studies show that alpha-tocopherol levels increase significantly when supplementing d-alpha-tocopherol, but gamma-tocopherol levels decrease significantly. It is the gamma tocopherol fraction that has been shown to be the critical factor in suppressing free radicals. This is why it is important to buy the mixed-tocopherols. For additional helps see Dr. Donna Andrews website at www.andrewsreiter.com. She has epilepsy. However, she has not had a seizure in 25+ years. She taught her brain not to go into convulsions. This woman has dedicated her life to teaching others how to be seizure-free. Have you been aware of food-related problems in your child? This would include, but would not be limited to, food allergies such as food-related asthma or rashes, food intolerance, food addictions, food sensitivities, food aversions such as being a very picky eater, or experiencing moderate to severe dietary limitations that are self-imposed. If your answer is yes to one or more of these questions, then food allergies, intolerances or sensitivities are more likely to be an underlying cause of the autism-related symptoms and seizures in your child. However, avoiding the foods that trigger your childs symptoms is a very difficult, expensive stopgap unless the improved condition it brings is used to heal the digestion and the inflamed, leaky gut. When the duodenum or upper intestine is damaged, as in celiac disease, Secretin production may be diminished or lacking. That may require administering Secretin even when adequate HCl is present, as well as going on a gluten-free diet, at least until the damaged gut is healed. I think that frequent transdermal application is more natural if Secretin is to be used. This would avoid the trauma of infusion, and the possibility of seizures following infusion that has been reported in rare instances. To administer Secretin without first testing for pancreatic enzymes in the stool would be counterproductive. We have been measuring pancreatic enzymes in the stool for 8 years: chymotrypsin directly and amylase and lipase indirectly. About 15% of autistic spectrum patients were deficient therein; they were given capsules containing these 3 enzymes, plus 2 additional ones (bromelain and papain) in a neutral solution. This group improved initially and continued to do so as normal enzyme levels were attained.Dr. Hugh Fudenberg, MD. Bromelain is also said to digest the outer shell around a developing tumor, allowing the immune cells to attack and destroy it. It stops the inflammatory prostaglandins (PgE2) without affecting the anti-inflammatory ones, thus lowers inflammation by 60% in a very short time. It reduces blood clotting and blood pressure, blocks development of varicose veins, reduces sinus problems, and bruises and sprains heal in 1/3 the usual time. It aids absorption of large molecule substances like glucosamine sulfate, recommended elsewhere. Repligen has found that 25% to 30% had abnormal values of chymotrypsin. Kids with low levels did not respond to Secretin infusion. Autism is of unknown cause, and most doctors will tell you there is no effective treatment, however, this failure of digestion, whether from HCl or secretin deficiency, or a damaged gut causes most of their mental and physical symptoms! These symptoms of malnutrition can be ameliorated by nutritional intervention. As the nutritional status is improved, the immune function will be able to deal with the pathogens, especially if given the benefit of Ambrotose RAO and PhytAloe by Mannatech in modulating and strengthening the immune function. See the statistics of malabsorption and other biochemical malfunction at end of this paper. Clinical studies are available on request. Serotonin Connection Serotonin (5-HT) content of blood platelets is variously reported to be excessive in 30% to 50% of autistic due to an errant peptide or to a variant gene (note that those with more than one autistic offspring are apt to fall into this category). It may be that a serotonin transporter is trying to reduce an excess of serotonin from the blood (caused by a sluggish Phase II, liver enzyme system not clearing the spent hormone). This high platelet level of serotonin is surprising in view of the limited protein intake of most autistic. McBride and colleagues recently presented results of a study that confirmed the importance of controlling for race and ethnicity in studies of platelet 5-HT. African-American and Hispanic-American subjects had higher levels of platelet serotonin when compared to Caucasian-American subjects. Interestingly, subjects with autism, who had a sibling with autism, had higher platelet, 5-HT levels than subjects without a sibling with autism. Platelet 5-HT levels have been demonstrated to be stable after the age of nine years, supporting the hypothesis that platelet 5-HT levels are under genetic regulation. In platelets, thimerosal (mercury) causes aggregation, increase of arachidonic acid metabolism, and exocytotic release of serotonin. These platelet release substances, primarily serotonin and prostaglandins, causing the blood vessels to spasm. The herb feverfew contains a chemical (parthenolide) that inhibits the release of serotonin from platelets facilitating a more regular blood flow, and is said to be a benefit in migraine. One study, however, shows it to be toxic to the liver and to peripheral mononuclear blood cells (immune cells) and to inhibit Phase I liver enzymes. Additionally, it contains salicylates that are contraindicated in PST (Salicylates suppress P-form phenol-sulfotransferase). The Phase I liver detox pathway (cytochrome p450 liver enzymesthere is said to be 40 variants, each with a different capacity to metabolize drugs and chemicals) is the only way a baby has to deal with endotoxin from the gut. The Phase I system is one of several shut down temporarily by DPT and other vaccines, and suppressed by mercury. With these toxins (and those of candida) being given off when the liver is impaired, they can have severe consequences, including SIDS. Pharmacological evidence suggests more than 50% of the patients with autism may have an abnormality in serotonergic neurotransmission; however, no consistent patterns of behavior or of symptoms have been identified that relate to this high platelet level of serotonin. Nevertheless, Dr. Robert Reisinger, DMV, describes the final mechanism of death in infants who have temporary liver dysfunction, and E. Coli in the gut: One bottle of formula is enough to change a babys gut dramatically, and it takes two weeks of breast feeding to return the gut to normal. How can this happen? E. Coli is the main culprit. This bacterium is putrefactive and protein loving. The protein content of human breast milk is lower than in any other mammal, and the protein content of formula or any other milk supplement has a direct influence on the numbers of E. Coli in the gut often raising it to 1000 times higher levels. Not only does the acid gut and very low protein content of breast milk provide a more hostile environment for E. Coli, but breast milk also contains neutralizing factors against E. Coli. When E. Coli is elevated, absorption into the bloodstream over hours of time of small amounts of bacterial endotoxin not detoxified by a temporarily dysfunctional reticulo-endothelial system results in removal of blood platelets and fibrinogen from the circulating blood. The result is release of relatively large amounts of serotonin from platelets into the blood plasma (in some experiments the increase of plasma serotonin is almost 100-fold). This serotonin shock can cause such serious vasoconstriction as to cause sudden heart failure. Serotonin initiates, in some cases, the coronary chemoreflex (Becold-Jarisch reflex) in which there is inhibition of sympathetic outflow and increased activity of the cardiac (efferent) vagus, leading to profound bradycardia, hypotentions, and cardiovascular collapse. The complex pathogenesis of endotoxemia depending on time and dosages, also involves release of norepinephrine, epinephrine, corticosteroids, etc. However, if death occurs early in the course of this syndrome, it is due primarily to serotonin effect. Serotonin is associated with deep sleep and in certain circumstances strongly inhibits respiratory movements. Endotoxin also has a more direct effect on cellular respiration, since it interferes with oxidative metabolism of mitochondria in vitro as well as in vivo... Between three and six hours, vascular capillary permeability has become more substantial, and varying amounts of edema and hemorrhage by diapedesis are apparent. After six to eight hours or more, fibrin-platelet clots have formed, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is present in lungs, kidneys, and other organs and tissues. For nonautistic children, serotonin synthesis capacity (of the brain) was more than 200% of adult values until the age of 5 years and then declined toward adult values. Serotonin synthesis capacity values declined at an earlier age in girls than in boys. In autistic children, serotonin synthesis capacity increased gradually between the ages of 2 years and 15 years to values 1.5 times adult normal values and showed no sex difference.Developmental Changes in Brain Serotonin Synthesis Capacity in Autistic and Nonautistic Children. Chugani DC, Muzik O, Behen M, Rothermel R, Janisse JJ, Lee J, Chugani HT, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit 48201, USA. This imbalance in allocation of available serotonin, a tryptophan deficiency, a vitamin B6 deficiency, a magnesium deficiency, or a deficiency of the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase, or some combination, leaves a deficit for the brain. Evidence of serotonin deficiency in autism comes from a pharmacological study using tryptophan depletion. Tryptophan depletion leads to reduced serotonin synthesis, release, and neurotransmission. McDougle and colleagues found exacerbation of behaviors such as whirling, flapping, pacing, stomping, banging and hitting self, rocking, toe walking, and anxiety in more than 50% of the adults with autism after tryptophan depletion. Deficiencies in the brain chemical transmitter serotonin have been identified as a potential cause of suicide. There is evidence showing that aggressive dyscontrolbe it violence, rage, impulsivity, or disinhibitionis often linked to disturbances in serotonin metabolism. This study is consistent with the finding of decreased ratio of serum tryptophan to large neutral amino acids in idiopathic infantile autism relative to controls, which would lead to a lower basal level of serotonin synthesis, vulnerability to tryptophan depletion, and response to pharmacological manipulations that increase 5-HT neurotransmission. Vitamin C has also been shown to significantly reduce autistic behavior such as rocking, spinning, and hand flapping, according to a recent study. Drugs that inhibit transport of serotonin: the tricyclic antidepressants, and the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI), and Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOI) that hold more serotonin in the synapse between brain cells longer greatly reduce the above symptoms. Normally, the enzyme MAO removes some serotonin from the synapse while a major part is sucked back into the neuron that created it (reuptake). In the autistic with the above behaviors, there needs to be more serotonin available in the synapse. That can best be ensured by increasing the supply in the neuronnaturallyby increasing the precursor it needs to make serotonin. This is accomplished by supplementing 5-HTP, and/or by conserving it from destruction in the synapse by supplementing magnesium and vitamin B6. Folic acid is added to the regimen since requirements increase with pyridoxine-magnesium therapy and males with fragile X syndrome (a subgroup of autism) benefit specifically from folate supplementation. Vitamin B6 may not be responsive if folic acid is depleted, so it should probably always be accompanied by folic acid, and vitamin B12. Nevertheless, with these children who accumulate serotonin in platelets, and who cannot sulfate it to get it out of the body (PST child), giving 5-HTP may surprisingly produce opposite than expected responses. To avoid this, Dr. Jerry Kartzinel has observed good results by using transdermal tryptophan from Coastal Compounding Pharmacy, Mr. Tyrus Smith, (912) 354-5188. If you are experiencing the above symptoms indicative of tryptophan depletion, I urge you to give this cream a try. Applying it after a warm bath is most effective for blood is to the skin to absorb the tryptophan and moist skin absorbs better too. Be sure you are supplementing vitamin B6 and niacin or the tryptophan may be used to create niacin instead, and vitamin B6 is needed in all tryptophan metabolism. For some, eating high tryptophan foods, like turkey, for breakfast may accomplish the same results. Another nutrient, inositol, has been used in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder as well as the compulsive behaviors demonstrated by some autistic children. Doses vary from 1-6 grams, three times daily. Tryptophan is prescribed in orthomolecular therapy in cases of insomnia, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Based on studies done in animals, some digestive enzymes may also have an effect on neurotransmitter levels, especially dopamine. Serotonin is found in many foods we eat such as grape, avocado, tomato, orange, plum, pineapple, banana, and spinach. Eating carbohydrates with tryptophan supplements or protein meals increases conversion of tryptophan to serotonin by stimulating the pancreas to secrete insulin. Insulin increases the relative concentration of tryptophan in the blood by causing the body tissues to soak up competing amino acids from the blood so the tryptophan has less competition in transferring from blood to brain. Tryptophan is the precursor to serotonin, tryptamine, melatonin, and indolamine, all neurotransmitters. Dehydration seems to cause a severe depletion of brain tryptophan. Tryptophan is the natural brain regulator for salt absorption in the body. This lack of tryptophan and its neurotransmitter products will establish lower than normal salt reserves. This will lead to a higher sugar content in the blood in an effort to balance osmotic forces. If blood sugar is to come down, a slight increase in salt intake will be necessary. In Type I diabetes, there may be severe salt shortage, leaving the brain no alternative but to raise the level of sugar even more to compensate. One of the most effective ways to raise tryptophan, serotonin and endorphin levels in the brain is exercise. Another is the adequate intake of pure water. Tryptophan and water are essential to homeostasis, the balanced function of all body systems. A correction of tryptophan levels will bring many dividends in good health, feelings of well-being, and relief of depression. Foods that supply tryptophan: dairy products, turkey, banana, complex carbohydrates, and nuts. Selling tryptophan for human consumption is illegal in the United States without a prescription; however, it is available for use with animals. You can buy pure pharmaceutical grade tryptophan without prescription from BIOS Biochemicals 8987-309 E. Tanque Verde, No 340, Tucson, AZ 85749-9399 (Phone 5203267610). Do not inquire about usage, or mention human use. Tryptophan can increase both the effectiveness and the toxicity of certain antidepressant drugs, including Prozac and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI). Mix them only if so directed by your doctor. Tryptophan is a precursor of niacin and serotonin and can prevent and cure pellagra (being a source for formation of niacin). A well-known antidepressant, a deficiency is related to sleep disorders, bloating, and constipation. Increased amounts increases peristalsis, decreases bleeding, but a lack is related to skin inflammation, depression, insomnia, and alcoholism. It cannot be utilized without adequate vitamin B6 and magnesium. To enhance serotonin production, take tryptophan (apart from meals, but with a bit of carbohydrate) and supplement niacin to prevent its being diverted down that pathway. The toxic effects of indole (tryptophan) are mainly in the large intestine causing bloating and constipation. One eight-month-old breast-fed infant had a bowel movement once a week. Neutralization of indole (by NAET) led to daily bowel movements. For those on anti-seizure medications, it should be noted that behavioral side effects of the barbiturate-related agents, phenobarbital and phenytoin (Dilantin), may include irritability and depression as well as aggressive behaviors such as biting, pinching, and kicking. Additionally, Harrisons book, The Principles of Internal Medicine, notes that the drug Phenytoin is documented to cause aplastic anemia, and has been observed to cause lymphatic conditions. The book observes that although the disease regressed in most cases when the patient stopped taking the drug, a significant fraction proceeded to develop Hodgkins Disease, that is, cancer of the lymphatic system. Aplastic anemia victims have also been observed to have a much higher than normal risk of developing Hodgkins Disease. The anxiety produced by a lack of serotonin creates another problem. When the environment is not perceived as safe, the nervous system will function adaptively to facilitate fight-flight behaviors. Fear and stress tend to produce illness, but fear, stress, and illness result in a retraction of the voluntary social engagement system, leading to compromised social abilities. Depressing this neural system has several behavioral consequences including flat effect, aprosody (cant pay attention), difficulty in phoneme recognition, articulation problems, hypersensitivity to sounds, and behavioral state regulation issues. Stress also has observable effects on intestinal micro biota. Release of ACTH from fear and anger leads to increased jejunal E. Coli, loss of bacteria and Lactobacillus from fecal samples, and increased levels of the pathogenic Bacteroides fragilis. Although these symptoms are nonspecific regarding differential psychiatric or behavioral diagnosis, many children with developmental disorders share them. The high-level stresses these children suffer must be countered by a variety of antioxidants (Vitamins C, E, selenium) to avoid systemic damage. The excess cortisol this produces should be countered by supplementing 100 to 200 mcg of chromium, 400 mg magnesium, 50 mg pantothenic acid, and 500 mg vitamin C, and by various relaxation techniques, including a good back rub. It is reported that high, stress-induced levels of cortisol were present in one-third, and that the hippocampus (involved in memory) was 14% smaller than normal! Marked disturbances of uptake of deuterated phenylalanine and tryptophan from intestine into blood were found in a portion of autistic patients (group A). In another group of the patients, a remarkable decrease in turnover of tyrosine in blood was found (group B)....These findings might suggest that the supply of tyrosine (from phenylalanine metabolism) and free tryptophan to the brain (in group A), or supply of tyrosine to the brain (group B) might be decreased. We postulated that in some of autistic patients there might exist decreases in synthesis of catecholamine or serotonin. Based on the hypothesis, we started a new treatment with L-DOPA and 5-HTP in small doses, and found significant effects in some patients. However, in some, the amino acids caused marked aggravation of the symptomsNaruse H; Hayashi T; Takesada M; Nakane A; Yamazaki K; Source: No To Hattatsu, 1989 Mar, 21:2, 181-9. The amino acids Phenylalanine and Tyrosine are precursors to L-dopa, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. One Mom reported significant increase in cognitive awareness and speech after supplementing Phenylalanine. One hundred to 500 mg on an empty stomach before bedtime would be a good choice. Do not exceed 1000 mg. Yet, studies in Australia revealed that high levels of tyrosine were present in many hyperactive children (dietary tyrosine is found in a variety of food products, including yeast extracts, cheese, coffee, citrus fruits, chocolate, and cream). Dr. Felix Sulman began his research on those who suffer from high serotonin levels because of their inability to metabolize serotonin. He found that serotonin is a stress neuro-hormone leading even rabbits, the most docile of creatures, to be aggressive. He coined the term Serotonin Irritation Syndrome. He found that those who were unable to break down serotonin (PST kids) would have the levels increase. An increase in serotonin in turn increases noradrenaline. They were in effect being poisoned by the serotonin produced by their own bodies. The irritation victims suffered from migraines, hot flashes, irritability, sleeplessness, pains around the heart, difficulty in breathing, a worsening of bronchial complaints, irrational tension and anxiety, with horrifying nightmares. It also caused his volunteers to sleep badlythat is, always on the edge of consciousness so that they were not properly restedand to wake after only a few hours of sleep. He found it caused pregnant women to abortOctober 1977: Slater, et al, Inhibition of REM Sleep by Fluoxetine, a Specific Inhibitor of Serotonin Uptake, October 1977, at p. 385. Children so often get coughs and colds, yet using a cough or cold medication with dextromethorphan could cause the serotonin syndrome, a very serious and potentially fatal adverse reaction. This being the case, neither Prozac type SSRIs nor 5-HTP should be used by PST kids. Additionally, when animals were severely deprived of zinc, levels of brain catecholamines increased, that is, elevation of noradrenaline occurred consistently, dopamine increased irregularly, and serotonin relatively, when compared to controls. Experimental zinc deficiency in humans leads reversibly to reduced sperm count combined with reduced serum testosterone. More to the point, 95% of serotonin is found in the gut! It is here we are able to see exactly what happens when SSRIs are used. When Prozac is given, stimulation of nerve cells becomes larger in amplitude, and longer in duration, and 8 to 10 times as many cells are activated, thus SSRIs are very likely to cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Continued use of SSRIs cause some serotonin receptors to desensitize and fail to respond anymore, while others simply become less sensitive. As desensitization sets in, cells stop responding and constipation follows. These are not side effects as usually suggested, but the direct effects of holding serotonin on the nerve cell receptors too long (preventing reuptake). Similar effects occur in the brain. Glutathione increases sensitivity to dopamine and to serotonin. Inositol Therapy can help in two ways: it can sensitize the receptors, or it can replace the SSRIs! Rahman and Neuman reported that exogenous inositol reverses the desensitization of serotonin receptors (Rahman, 1993). Increased membrane phosphatidylinositol could enhance effects of synaptic serotonin as do SSRIs (Fux, 1996). Inositol has been proven as beneficial as SSRIs in the treatment of OCD, depression, and panic disorder in double blind placebo controlled studies (Benjamin, 1995; Fux, 1996). Doses vary from 1-6 grams, three times daily. Some OCD cases are induced by fatigue related to the neurotransmitter dopamine (excess dopamine); others are induced by cognitive impairment related to acetylcholine deficiency; and still others are based on anxiety associated with GABA imbalance. Additionally, OCD has been related to an excess of Cortisol. No wonder, when one considers the stress these Kids are under. Supplementing at least 200 mcg of chromium has been shown to reduce Cortisol levels as much as 47%. Lyme disease may manifest with OCD. All these can be measured with specific blood tests. Successful treatment, and the avoidance of unnecessary drug complications, depends on accurate diagnosis. Progesterone is the primary hormone that, when deficient, can exacerbate OCD. Progesterone, Growth Hormone, Serotonin, and Pregnenolone should all be measured, and replacement therapy using bio-identical formulations that duplicate the bodys natural hormones, not synthetics, should be used. Tryptophan (1-2 grams daily) or 5-HTP should be used to promote Serotonin. Additional supplements that play a role in support include melatonin (300 mcg-1 mg daily, five days a week); Kava Kava (60 mg spray, 1-3 times daily); St. Johns Wort (300 mg, 3-times daily); vitamin B6 (50 mg, three times daily); niacinamide (500 mg, 2 times daily); fish oil (1-2 grams daily); and magnesium (500 mg 1-2 times daily). Inositol hexaphosphates (IP-6) is another form of inositol sometimes recommended for boosting the Natural Killer Cell count and or chelating excess iron, but it and pentaphosphates are the phytate forms that interfere with zinc absorption, whereas the lower phosphates have little or no effect. Iron can have a negative effect on zinc absorption, if given together in a supplement, whereas no effect is observed when the same amounts are present in a meal as fortificants. Cadmium, which is increasing in the environment, also inhibits zinc absorption. IP-6 and iron should not be taken with zinc supplements other than what might be in a multiple. Taken between meals so it will not bind to minerals in the digestive tract, phytic acid (IP-6) is readily absorbed into the bloodstream where it acts as a potent mineral chelator. Phytic acid is said to bind to any free iron or other minerals (even heavy metals such as mercury, lead, and cadmium) in the blood, which are then eliminated through the kidneys. Phytic acid removes only excess or unbound minerals, not mineral ions already attached to proteins. Phytic acid supplements should not be taken during pregnancy since the developing fetus requires minerals for proper development. A three-month course of phytic acid should achieve adequate iron chelation, and prolonged daily supplementation may lead to iron-deficiency anemia. Anemic individuals who take phytic acid as a food supplement are likely to feel weak shortly after consumption, whereas iron-overloaded individuals are likely to feel increased energy. Due to the possible negative effect of 5-HTP in PST kids, I suggest use of Dimethylglycine (DMG), or Trimethylglycine (TMG) that are methylated forms of the amino acid glycine, in particular, for the undermethylated kids. This will tend to enhance SAMe production, supplying more serotonin and enhancing sensitivity of serotonin receptors. SAM also is said to increase the antioxidant glutathione and phosphatidylcholine, a brain nutrient that makes cell membranes throughout your body more flexible. Improvements similar to those from 5-HTP have been reported, often within hours. Each child responds at a different level of intake, usually 1 to 4, 125 mg tablets of DMG, daily; so begin with one and slowly increase the amount. One to four DMG is the equivalent of one to two TMG 500 mg. This is essentially a backup pathway, and is meant to complement the folate route for remethylation rather than supplant it. It does not interfere with the folate routeDavid H. Swenson Ph.D. Use of folic acid may be contraindicated in certain undermethylated. In other words, methionine can be formed from homocysteine using methyl groups from N5-methyltetrahydrofolate (mTHF), or in certain undermethylated who are folate sensitive, using methyl groups from betaine (TMG) that are derived from choline. Similarly, mTHF can be formed from one-carbon units derived from serine or from the methyl groups of choline via dimethyglycine (DMG), and choline can be synthesized de novo using methyl groups derived from methionine (via S-adenosylmethionine). The use of TMG solves the problem of folate blockage (excess) in certain undermethylated, however, this would tend to deplete choline and TMG. With TMG, one needs not add folate, and the amount of B12, P5P,and serine needed to normalize homocysteine would be reduced.Nevertheless, to effect the conversion in those who are cystathionine Beta-synthase deficient (Downs in particular)), one must supplement vitamins B6 and B12 even when supplementing TMG/DMG. Some supplement folinic acid hoping to bypass this block, but much bearing that label is 5-formal folate and will not bypass the mutation. Only Folapro is guaranteed to be the 5-methyl THF needed to bypass the folate block. Supplementing folic acid excessively may cause breakthrough seizures by altering drug serum concentrations, so check with your doctor on this. It is also reported that large amounts, or lesser amounts for some undermethylated, can cause abdominal distension, flatulence (gas/wind), irritability, loss of appetite, nausea, over-activity, sleep disturbance, and vivid dreams (nightmares). Is your child experiencing nightmares? Dr. Walsh adds: Most autistics are very undermethylated and have little traffic in the SAM cycle, with generally low levels at each point along the way: Methionine, SAMe, SAH, Homocysteine, etc. These same persons also exhibit elevated levels of folates. There is little homocysteine available to convert back to methionine. Supplements of folic acid and B12 will rob the cystathione pathway of needed chemicals for production of cysteine, glutathione, and sulfur chemistry in general. This is not a good way to help an undermethylated person. Far better would be to simply introduce additional methyl groups. My favorite way is supplements of methionine. On the other hand, if you give folic acid to a histadelic (undermethylated, high histamine) patient, severe worsening can be expected. I believe the obvious benefits exhibited by many autistics after methyl B12 (supplementation) derive from correction of severe B12 deficiency rather from helping methylation. Elsewhere, Dr. Walsh indicates that some few undermethylated do need folic acid. Use care in supplementing it in one who is undermethylated. One of those benefits of vitamin B12 may be elimination of stutter, a side effect of DTP, and probably related to myelin damage! The effect of TMG and of vitamins B6 and B12 is to reduce homocysteine (which sometimes builds excessively due to a cystathionine beta-synthase, serine, magnesium, zinc, and/or vitamin B6 deficiency that prevents transulfuration to cysteine and taurine), while controlling cysteine production, where overproduction can be toxic. Additionally, TMG in parallel works with folic acid, vitamins B6 and B12 and methionine to form S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) that donates methyl molecules that are vital to proper liver function and cellular replication. Methyl groups are essential both for proper nerve transmission, and for the formation and maintenance of the myelin sheath that covers and protects nerve cells. Supplements of SAMe are available, but it is relatively unstable, breaks down into cysteine, and is very expensive. For most, it is best to supplement TMG and the B-vitamins allowing the body to form SAMe. The exception would be that supplementing SAM will give a more rapid response where that is desirable. Methyl Caps by VRP supplies TMG and these vitamins in a tasteless form that can be taken with food or water: www.vrp.com or (800) 877-2447. If purchasing SAMe, buy tablets with enteric coating that supply vitamins B6, B12, and folic acid, unless your child is undermethylated. Life Extension Foundation will supply quality SAMe (www.lef.org). Doses above 400 mg can cause dry mouth, gastric problems, and restlessness. What is methylation? Your bodys chief mechanism for cellular housekeeping is methylation, a crucial, chemical reaction that converts inorganic to organic forms. When methylation is inefficient and sluggish, compounds may build to toxic levels. This is one of the most challenging areas of cancer research. One significant toxic build up is the element antimony; another is homocysteine, a metabolite in the pathway from methionine to sulfate, both normally detoxified by methylation. Elevated homocysteine harms arteries, impairs circulation, damages cellular DNA, and contributes to atherosclerosis, heart disease, cancer, depression, memory impairment, Alzheimers, and many other conditions. This negative effect on DNA may lead to the cellular replication called cancer. The ability for these cancer cells to normalize is an exciting area of cancer research. Only a few things are known to provoke it, including Vitamin A derivatives, hormones, vitamin D3, and emodin (found in grape vines and other plants). Both acetylation and methylation have the ability to control the activation and deactivation of genes. You must have homocysteine levels checked, treated, and rechecked for not all respond to the typical low dose regimen. The readings must be brought below seven mmol/L. Methionine needs to be resynthesized in the cell because it is converted to SAMe that is the general methyl donor that makes, among other things, some neurotransmitters and some cell membrane components. SAMe is the substance that methylates regions of genes to shut off their expression, and it is critical for controlling gene expression. In order for homocysteine to be recycled to methionine and to SAMe for reuse, and for antimony to be excreted, there must be adequate amounts of folic acid and vitamins B6 and B12, and possibly DMG/TMG. Suggested are: Vitamins B12 (100 mcg per pound), folate (10 mcg per pound), and TMG (10-20 mg per pound). Spread these through the day. They may be energizing so you may want to give them in the earlier part of the day. Detoxification is costly to the bodys resources, requiring large amounts of vitamins B6, B12, C, folic acid, methionine, betaine (TMG), taurine, glycine, cysteine, and lecithin. Mercury decreases zinc and methionine availability, depresses rates of methylation, and increases free radicals. Inhibitors of methylation block pancreatic secretion. Disruption of the SAMe cycle by excess cystathionine beta synthetase and methyl-tetra-hydrofolate (a metabolite of folic acid) (genetically induced in Downs) results in an increased cysteine pool, and decreased methyl groups available for DNA methylation and for the normal formation of NADH. TMG and DMG (forms of the amino acid glycine) are methyl donors aiding in this methylation. Glycine (the second component of magnesium glycinate) chelates mercury from the body. Glycine is a non-essential amino acid, but for people with mercury poisoning, it is essential to supplement it. Glycine is also particularly beneficial for people with too much serotonin influence, and because it enhances bile production and contributes to Glutathione production, it is a valuable supplement. Glycine forms creatine when combined with arginine and methionine. Additionally, it readily converts to serine, a lack of which often disrupts the sulfation pathway. For those lacking HCl, glycine enhances secretion of this vital digestive aid. In the CNS, glycine is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter acting primarily in the brainstem and spinal cord. This action may be responsible for anecdotal reports of positive effects in autistic children taking large doses of DMG or TMG. Magnesium glycinate in large doses (around 1000 mg/day) causes light-headedness, loss of coordination, dizziness, and blurred vision. If these side effects from glycine (from the glycinate in magnesium glycinate) occur, reduce dosage or discontinue use of magnesium glycinate. The diet is another factor that influences the methylation cycle. Large quantities of rnethionine from food (meat for instance) result in high levels of SAM. High levels of SAM down regulate MTHFR and MS (methioninsyntase) even if their activity is already reduced. This results in, more or less, a block of the remethylation of homocysteine, which accumulates even though the transulfuration pathway into cysteine is up-regulated. When SAM is depleted, MTHFR and MS are again up-regulated. A vitamin B12 deficiency gives the same result. (Maybe thats why one common symptom of B12 deficiency is aversion to meat?)Dr. Christina Bolander-Gouaille of Sweden. DMGs greatest benefit has received little publicity. Studies show it can have a dramatic effect on the immune system. A study at the University of South Carolina showed that when the immune system was challenged with a vaccine, those taking DMG had 400% more antibody production than controls. Before administering any vaccines, you may want to discuss the benefit this could be with your doctor. Additionally, the lymphocytes T-cell response was increasedJ. Infect Dis 81:143(1):101-104. It has been shown to increase interferon levels indicating possible antiviral activity. Since many autistic kids have elevated T-cell activity indicative of autoimmunity, this may be contraindicated for themanother thing to discuss with your doctor, and to have him monitor. A probably cause for this autoimmune condition is that yeast infection can decrease the percentage of natural suppressor cells in tissue fluids and blooddropping from about 15 percent to as little as 1 percent. When the Candida infection is successfully treated, the percentage of these suppressors rises toward normal, and the symptoms tend to clear. There is a newly available substance that works in this same circuit with DMG/TMG, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) that, additionally, helps neurotransmitters bind to receptor sites. This makes the neurotransmitters more active. It is also said to increase serotonin levels. This would seem safer than trying to control usage of serotonin or other neurotransmitters by use of SSRIs. It has been proven more effective than the tricyclic antidepressants, helping the severely depressed who did not respond to other antidepressants, and it is without the significant side effects of those drugs, though therapeutic intake may include a dry mouth, agitation, and gastrointestinal problems. It is faster acting with no withdrawal period. I would urge its use, possibly along with small amounts of 5-HTP, to control the above listed autistic behaviors. It should be possible, then, to reduce these behaviors by increasing serotonin production naturally, rather than by use of transport inhibitors (SSRIs) (that typically deplete the already reduced supply still further, loads the system with fluoride that inhibits the thyroid, and inhibits Phase I liver enzyme function). If one determines that the child may respond to more serotonin in the synapse, the best way to meet the need is by supplementing magnesium and vitamin B6, the natural conservers of serotonin, and TMG or SAMe, and if necessary, small amounts of 5-Hydroxy-Tryptophan (5-HTP), a metabolite of tryptophan that easily translates into increased serotonin and melatonin. It is of interest to note that Michael Murray, ND, says that only 3% of oral tryptophan is converted to serotonin, but 70% of 5-HTP is converted, so keep the servings small (30 to 50 or up to 100 mg on an empty stomach before bedtime). 5-HTP, TMG, and SAMe are available at any health food store. To ensure proper conversion of tryptophan to serotonin, supplement vitamin B6, folic acid, niacin, and magnesium. A good choice would be Super Nu Thera, by Kirkman Laboratories. It is specifically formulated to help autistic children. They presently have one without vitamin A, so you can use cod-liver oil as your source of cis vitamin A. Some have had difficulty in getting their child to take Super Nu Thera because of a not so great taste. One trick that has worked for some is to place 1/8 - 1/4 of a teaspoon of plain ascorbic acid (vitamin C) into water with the Super Nu Thera. The taste and look are almost like orange juice. Some are fearful of the higher amounts of vitamin B6 and magnesium in SNT. Dr. Bernard Rimland says that every child is different, but he has found the average amount of vitamin B6 that is beneficial is around eight mg per pound of body weight per day. The French found virtually the same, 17mg/kg/day. That is 500 mg per 60-pound child. Dr. Rimlands adult child has taken 1000 mg for longer than twelve years. He suggests starting with 1/4 the target amount and increasing slowly over a 10-14 day period. The amount of magnesium necessary with the vitamin B6 is 3-4 mg per pound of body weight. That would be up to 240 mg for that 60-pound child. He further states that in thirty years he has heard of only four cases of autistic children suffering neuropathy. He adds that if no benefit is seen in six weeks, stop giving the high amounts. It is imperative that these higher amounts of vitamin B6 and magnesium be taken with the underpinning of a good multivitamin/mineral supplement to avoid induced deficiencies that probably account for every reported case of neuropathy. High amounts could induce a vitamin B2 deficiency otherwise. Vitamins B6 and B1 sit on opposite ends of a teeter-totter, with B1 adding CO2 to molecules, and B6 removing CO2. One of the switch points into the Krebs cycle is made up of two enzymes that run in opposite directions. One is dependent on B1, the other on B6. All B-vitamins are closely linked, and so must be supplemented together. In general, the B-vitamins move little bits of things around, with B5 moving fatty acids, B3 moving electrons and protons, B12 moving methyl radicals. One study found that people who took higher amounts of B6 live an average of eight years longer than those in the control group. Additionally, tests show a marked difference in how autistic children metabolize these nutrients. After giving 500 mg of vitamin B6 orally to healthy children, the nutrient reached its maximum level in 2-hours and returned to base level in 8-hours. Thus the half-life was about 4-hours. In the autistic child these figures are 5-hours and 15-hours! In other words, the enzyme, aminotransferase, reaches maximum activity in 2-hours in healthy children, but in the autistic child it took 2.5 times as long! This clearly shows why a higher dose of vitamin B6 is required in autistic children. According to Bruce N. Ames, professor of molecular and cell biology at UC Berkeley, high doses of some vitamins could play a big role in the treatment of disease and perhaps slow the effects of aging. Ames lists more than 50 genetic diseases successfully treated with high doses of vitamins, most of them inborn metabolic diseases caused by defective enzymes. (The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, April 2002). There may be many more diseases that can be treated with high-dose vitamins, particularly the eight B-vitamins like niacin, thiamine, and pyridoxine. Similar results with genetic diseases are being seen from supplementing glyconutrients. Ames argues that the key to the effectiveness of high-dose vitamin therapy lies in the fact that vitamins are converted to co-enzymes, which team up with enzymes to perform some essential metabolic functions. Many diseases result from genetic mutations that reduce the ability of an enzyme to bind to its co-enzyme, thereby reducing the rate at which the enzyme catalyses a molecular reaction. Saturating the body with high doses of the appropriate vitamin increases co-enzyme levels to overcome the binding defect and boost the reaction rate towards normal. In four different double-blind experiments on 60 autistic children, scientists found that large doses of B6 (up to 1,000 mg daily) coupled with magnesium (up to 500 mg daily) provided relief from many of the symptoms of autism. Neither B6 nor magnesium alone is effectiveMartineau J. et al Biological Psychiatry, vol 20 p. 467 1985. Therapeutic doses start at 200 times the RDA for children age 1-4 (200-500 mg pyridoxine or 25-50 mg pyridoxal 5 phosphate) and no toxic effects are known at this dosage. Parents in some cases report hyperactivity, which is countered with additional magnesium at up to 4-mg/kg body weight. Magnesium as well as taurine play a significant role in seizure control. Some use taurine for ASD children at up to 1000 mg/day. Excess taurine can harm zinc-deficient persons since it suppresses absorption of zinc at the exterior wall of the intestinesBill Walsh Email. Some 42% dont convert vitamin B6 to its necessary metabolite pyridoxal 5`-phosphate (P5P) (This conversion of vitamin B6 to its active forms requires zinc, magnesium, riboflavin [Vitamin B2], and Alpha-ketoglutarate, so taking some of the coenzyme form of the vitamin may increase effectivenessWSL.) We measured B6 levels in children with autism, and found them to be well above normal (55 vs. 33). We also found that several enzymes related to B6, including pyridoxal kinase, are dramatically less active than normal. Thus, the inability to convert B6 to P5P leads to elevated levels of B6, but a functional need for high amounts of itJim Adams, affiliation: professor, chemical and materials engineering, Arizona State University. Many report that they cannot tolerate B-vitamins. Often, this seems connected to Candida overgrowth, but magnesium is an essential cofactor in the conversion of thiamine and other B-vitamins into their active forms. There have been reports of thiamine deficiency aggravated by magnesium depletion with refractory response to thiamine until magnesium was given. The deficiency of vitamin B1 has also been reported as a cause of epileptic seizures. It seems plausible that magnesium depletion could provoke Wernickes encephalopathy, possible by suboptimum thiamine phosphorylation. Vitamin B6, too, is only phosphorylated into its coenzyme (P5P) in the presence of magnesium. One Mom wrote, Previously, I could not tolerate anything but a low dose of plain B6. I think this was because I was very low on alpha-ketoglutaric acid needed to convert B6 to P5P. (Alpha-ketoglutaric acid is destroyed by candida yeast.) When I first started on alpha-ketoglutaric acid combined with a very low dose B6, I was told to take it in the morning because it may disturb sleep. Indeed, it sort-of made me jittery. I was told this would end in about two weeks. It did. It was just an adjustment period while my bodys enzymes were starting to work again. When I gave my daughter P5P, I gave it in the morning. After two weeks of 150 mg of P5P, my daughter could fall asleep at night (she weighed about 120 pounds at the time. She is not autistic, but her sleep problem was severe). Afterward, I just gave her 50 mg of P5P once or twice a week. This has been enough to keep the benefits. Zinc is required for the conversion of pyridoxine to P5P as is magnesium, vitamin B2, and alpha-ketoglutarate. Too much B6 without B2 can deplete the body of B2 possibly leading to Cheilosisswollen, cracked, bright red lips, a common symptom of B2 deficiency. Vitamin B2 is necessary for cellular growth and acts with Vitamin A in helping maintain the health of mucous membranes and the integrity of epithelial tissue. Vitamin B2 is needed in glutathione production, in mitochondrial function for energy, and in the pathway that converts homocysteine to methionine and SAMe. A shortage would hamper production of cysteine, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, taurine, and the sulfate needed to detoxify Phase II toxins (PST). Vitamin B2 is probably the most commonly deficient vitamin in America. It is needed for vitamin B6 to function, and depleted by high intake of vitamin B6. Deficiency symptoms are: sensitive, easily-fatigued eyes; blurred vision; itching-bloodshot eyes; dizziness; inflammation of mouth; sore tongue; vivid red lips; dermatitis; itching nose; cracks in the corners of the mouth, and rash on the cheeks. Vitamin B2 is an antioxidant that aids in utilizing oxygen. It lowers body pH. It aids in carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Radiation destroys 8% of B2 in foods. Remember, these nutrients (Zinc, magnesium, a-ketoglutarate, and vitamins B2 and B6) are necessary to normalize the metabolism of, and to conserve the neurotransmitters serotonin, melatonin, and dopamine. Foods rich in riboflavin include: Lean meats, eggs, legumes, nuts, and green leafy vegetables. Because riboflavin is destroyed by exposure to light, foods with riboflavin should not be stored in glass containers. Benefits reported are, variously, improved use of words, improved sleep, decrease in hyperactivity and irritability, better attention span, increased interest in learning, and reduced self-injurious or aggressive behavior. Studies show that when darkness is maintained, melatonin production is 3 times higher than daytime, but maintaining a bright, night lamp or TV in the bedroom prevents that increased melatonin production. For the pineal gland to function it must have distinct light/dark cycles. When you put the child to bed, make sure the room is dark, and do not turn on the light during the night for melatonin production tends to stop. People are highly individualistic in this, but high amounts of vitamin B12 can cause melatonin production to drop more dramatically in response to light at night, and it will take longer to recover once the light is turned off. How long must you be exposed to bright light at night before your melatonin production is inhibited? As little as five minutes, according to a 1989 study. Additionally, electromagnetic forces from a clock or other electrical machine in the bedroom will deplete this powerful antioxidant that protects the whole body. It is by this mechanism that a loss of melatonin to EMF is thought to increase the risk of breast cancer. Testing shows that supplementing additional antioxidants, as with Ambrotose AO, protects the body against EMF radiation damage. To increase melatonin, take a hot bath. To solve a stubborn sleep problem, tape a kidney bean to the inside of the right wrist, three finger widths above the crease of your wrist. Yeah, ask your Chinese Medicine doctor. Many studies have shown that attention deficit and/or hyperactivity disorders in children are linked to changes in the levels of thyroid hormone in the blood, and that irritability and aggressive behavior are linked to thyroid hormone levels and hypothyroidism. Make the iodine/morning temperature tests and support the thyroid if indicated. Hyperactivity is a common symptom of magnesium deficiency. Magnesium supplements are recommended for treatment of hyperness in many conditions besides the treatment of ASD. A magnesium deficiency depletes vitamin B1, so this should be added when supplementing magnesium. Other supplements known to help with the hyperness are calcium, zinc, folic acid, chromium, and iodine. Dr. Lynn Wecker and his colleagues at Louisiana State Medical Centre observed that the autistic population had significantly lower levels of calcium, magnesium, copper, manganese, and chromium, and higher levels of lithium as compared to sex and age-matched controls. Others found low levels of iodine, lithium, and potassium. Nevertheless, copper is frequently high to toxic levels. It is of interest to note that iodine hooks up to the double bond in fats, and if a patient were iodine deficient and added a lot of fat to the diet without supplementing iodine, they would run out of iodine, hence, deep depression. Adequate iodine will chelate mercury, arsenic, and other heavy metals. Additionally, in a placebo-controlled study on prisoners with a history of impulsive/aggressive behavior, the group taking low amounts of lithium (10-15 mg twice a day) had a significant reduction in aggressive behavior and infractions involving violence. It is helpful also to raise white blood cell count and to protect against loss of white cells in chemotherapy and radiation. Lithium also tends to normalize thyroid function, particularly in Graves Disease. Researchers at Wayne State University (Detroit) found that high dose lithium has the ability to both protect and renew brain cells (3% increase in gray matter in four weeks)! In Ischemic stroke (loss of blood flow), death of brain cells was reduced by 56%! Further, anticonvulsant medications cause abnormal levels of brain-cell death, but lithium significantly protects against this type of cell death. Researchers concluded that lithium should be administered with any type mood-altering drugs, and that would extend to caffeine, alcohol, marijuana, or other recreational drugs. Additionally, lithium is said to chelate aluminum. It aids in removing excess uric acid as well. Combined with zinc, it has proven helpful in anorexia, enabling needed weight gain. Lithium and selenium have antiviral properties. Lithium has been successful in increasing white blood cell numbers (using 5-10 mg twice a day). I suggest Lithium Orotate (5 mg) from www.life-enhancement.com; others have di-calcium phosphate. General Research Laboratories makes a lithium orotate of 64.4 mg. Mercury causes decreased lithium levels, which is a factor in neurological diseases such as depression and Alzheimers. Chung and colleagues found that lithium protects brain cells against the excitotoxic effects of excess glutamate and calcium (that kill brain cells). Additionally, low levels of lithium cause abnormal brain cell balance and neurological disturbances related to lowered levels of neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. It has been helpful in reducing cravings for alcohol. Lithium also is important in vitamin B12 transport and distribution, and studies have found low lithium levels common in learning disabled children (adding lithium increased learning 10%), incarcerated violent criminals, and people with heart disease. Lithium supplementation has been found to be an effective treatment adjunct in conditions such as bipolar depression, autism, and schizophrenia where mania or extreme hyperactivity is seen. Lithium may block production of fatty acids, so take some EPO in conjunction with it. Dr. Jonathan Wright has found that taking fatty acids with lithium offsets any toxicity, even in pharmaceutical doses. Rapid-cycling bipolar depression is seen increasingly in children. This is a Jekyll and Hyde personality change involving sleep disorders, rages and explosive temper tantrums, marked irritability, oppositional behavior, distractibility, hyperactivity, impulsivity, restlessness/fidgetiness, silliness, giddiness, and goofiness, racing thoughts, aggressive behavior, self-injurious behavior, carbohydrate cravings with bingeing, risk-taking behaviors, tics, and OCD. Not all these behaviors indicate bipolar depression, but several combined should raise that possibility. Lithium, Omega3 oils, magnesium, zinc, and vitamin B6 offer the best approach to solving these troubling behaviors. Multiple nutrient deficiencies and hypothyroidism may make it difficult to utilize the EFAs. They would likely be more efficiently utilized when taken with a digestive enzyme containing Lipase. Kirov has observed an association between severity of anxiety or depression and low plasma Mg. Pliszka and Rogeness measured serum Mg in 165 boys admitted to a psychiatric hospital and found low Mg levels to be associated with dysphoric mood and sleep disorders. A French team has recently demonstrated that Mg aspartate-HCl was as effective as Lithium in stabilizing the mood swings of rapid-cycling bipolar depressives (usually seen in children). A recent Harvard study showed EPA and DHA supplements to be more effective than psychiatric medications in combating bipolar depression. One study found that even with signs of lithium toxicity, the use of a fatty acid supplement removed all the signs. Using an assay developed by Dr. David Horrobin of Laxdale Ltd. biochemists at the Victoria Hospital in Glasgow have shown an increase in the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzyme in blood cells from individuals with autism and Aspergers syndrome. The PLA2 releases polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as EPA, DHA, and arachidonic acid (AA), from cell membranes resulting in membrane damage and the production of highly inflammatory substances known as prostaglandins (E2), leukotrienes and thromboxanes, known collectively as eicosanoids. How can abnormal PLA2 and excessive eicosanoid production result in the physiological and psychological problems found in ASD? The cells of the neural system contain high levels of PUFA representing between 15-30% of neural tissue by dry weight and, of those, AA and DHA represent 80-90% of the total. In normal synaptic function, AA and DHA are released into the synaptic junction by the action of PLA2, along with neurotransmitter compounds, followed by re-uptake of the neurotransmitter and PUFA. If PLA2 activity is elevated, an excess of PUFA may be released into the synapse resulting in oxidation of the free PUFA. Oxidized PUFA can set up a cascade of reactions resulting in extensive free radicals and eicosanoids causing inflammatory reactions and cellular damage. In the cells of the gut epithelium and endothelium, AA is the predominant PUFA and Omega-3 (n-3) PUFA are only minor components. If elevated PLA2 is present in these cells, free AA will be produced and a range of highly inflammatory eicosanoids produced. In addition lyso-phospholipids, which remain after phospholipase action, are potent cytolytic agents (that cause cell membrane breakdown) that may cause leakiness in gut cells. The cells of the immune system, including lymphocytes, macrophages, and eosinophils, require PLA2 to produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes essential for enabling immune cells to locate and destroy pathogenic organisms. While low levels of prostaglandins, particularly PgE2, are stimulatory to the immune system, high levels tend to reduce immune responses. Thus, increased PLA2 could result in immune suppression as well as increasing (inflammation and) the prevalence of autoimmune disorders such as asthma, eczema, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetes. Work in our laboratory, using red blood cells (RBC) as a model system, has suggested that PLA2 is elevated in individuals with autism and Aspergers syndrome. The RBC usually contain less EPA and DHA and, sometimes, more AA than control subjects. In addition, the RBC membrane PUFA composition appears particularly unstable on storage at -20oC in patients with autism, compared to control subjects. This is strongly indicative of increased PLA2 in the RBC, perhaps coupled with increased oxidation of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA). Recently, in conjunction with the Victoria Hospital in Glasgow and Laxdale Ltd, increased PLA2 has been confirmed in a number of individuals with autism and Aspergers syndrome. EPA is an inhibitor of PLA2 activity, and probably helps to stabilize cell membranes and reduce inflammatory reactions by competing with AA (limits production of) and modulating the effects of AA-derived eicosanoids. An EPA intake of around 1-2 g per day seems to be appropriate. (Elevated AA produces excessive PgE2 and PgE3 causing inflammatory actions through the body. These can be controlled by managing fatty acids in the manner suggested in the Section Managing Fatty Acids which includes liberal use of antioxidants. Bromelain is a powerful anti-inflammatoryWSL.) These notes from Dr. Klinghardt: The Phospholipase 2 (PLA2) destroys essential fatty acids. Therefore PLA2 stimulants should be voided. A high carbohydrate intake with its resultant increase in insulin is a profound stimulator of PLA2. So the patients should have a diet with low carbohydrates. Avoid all grain, including rice. No bread! So, in the future, eat vegetables with eggs. The therapeutic goal in brain diseases is to break down long-chained, fatty acids. So you should avoid peanut oil, rapeseed oil (Canola), safflower oil, and mustard, because they contain long-chained fatty acids. (These VLCFAs cannot be broken down largely because your child is hypothyroid and his Phase I liver enzymes may be depressed. Additionally, high-carbohydrate meals provoke an insulin response that suppresses beta-oxidation of VLCFAs! Do the Iodine Test, and support the thyroid as outlined herein.) One group with high copper and low zinc, sodium, and potassium tended to have extreme tempers, while another group with low zinc and copper, but high sodium and potassium tended to be sociopathic (aggressive, antisocial). Some factors that have been documented in depression, impulsiveness, and violent behavior are low serotonin levels, abnormal glucose tolerance (hypoglycemia), and low chromium and folate levels, which has been found to be a caused by mercury toxicity. One mechanism by which mercury has been found to be a factor in aggressiveness and violence is its documented inhibition of the brain neurotransmitter acetylcholinesterase. Low serotonin levels and/or hypoglycemia have also been found in the majority of those with impulsive and violent behavior. It was found that treatment (including nutritional therapy) of delinquent or violence prone individuals for metals related problems, usually produced significant improvements in mood, violent behavior, and functionality, with complete cure in the majority of cases. Excess copper stimulates production of the neurotransmitters epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, the neurotransmitters that control aggression and irritability, tending to aggression and violence. It is also required for monoamine oxidase, an enzyme related to catecholamine utilization in the synapse (it clears excess transmitters). Aggressive and violent behavior was greatly reduced, and a fantastic increase in academic performance in math and English occurred in New York City Schools in a 1986 study (Schoenthaler 1986a, 1986b). The number of learning-disabled kids fell by an astonishing 74,000 in one year. They simply removed sugar from the school diet! They served nothing with more than 11% sugar (fruit). Schoenthaler has achieved similar results simply by adding a once-daily, vitamin/mineral supplement to the diets of delinquents, adult felons, and ordinary elementary school children. In one investigation, people receiving a multivitamin/mineral supplement displayed less antisocial or violent behavior, compared with those receiving a placebo. The most common vitamins to be low among children whose conduct and academic performance improved after nutritional intervention are pyridoxine, folic acid, thiamine, niacin, and vitamin C, he said. One study of juvenile delinquents and adult felons in five states found that the offenders with the worst behavior consumed the least vitamins and minerals. In California prisons, convicts with up to four nutritional deficiencies were 50 percent more likely to be involved in serious violent incidents, and those with five to nine nutrient deficiencies were 90 percent more likely to be involved in such incidents. Additionally, low DHA has been associated with increased aggression, violence, depression, and suicide. Women with low DHA have a much higher incidence of gestational diabetes, hypertension, and pre-eclampsia during pregnancy as well as post-partum depression and OCD. Nevertheless, the practice of giving DHA supplements alone is highly suspect as DHA is one of several fatty acids that need to be had in balance, as found in cod-liver oil. Taken alone, it may increase hyperactivity. Without EPA, DHA can be toxic. Some babies on DHA-enriched formulas have developed intestinal gangrene. Low DHA is a marker for low serotonin. A vitamin-A supplement (cod-liver oil), and balancing of zinc/copper ratios also affect the behaviors of these kids. Most are deficient in zinc. Besides causing obesity, a shorter attention span, and more defiant behavior, the following is one more reason to keep those refined and sugar coated cereals away from children: Researchers discovered a child who eats too much bread may grow up with short-sightedness. They found that refined starches in breads and cereals increase insulin levels during digestion. This can affect the development of the eyeball, making it abnormally long and causing shortsightedness. Rapid digestion of the starches forces the pancreas to pump out more insulin. That leads to a fall in a binding protein that in turn upsets eyeball development. Refined sugar intake increases magnesium (and calcium) excretion in the urine, which causes depletion of the brain neurotransmitter dopamine. The bottom line is that humans were not designed to tolerate high glycemic sugars or an excess of any sugars. Continued high, daily use of sugar can result in a chronic state of serotonin excess with a dopamine deficiency, resulting in irritability. Many other evils of sugar and high glycemic foods are mentioned herein. Please take note. Since there is no indication that the ones with these problems of hyperactivity and aggressiveness are necessarily the ones with excess serotonin, platelet saturation, and no symptoms have been associated with that condition, I believe, where these behaviors are a problem, and the above nutrients have been first supplied and sugars greatly reduced, it warrants introducing SAMe and 5-HTP in small, increasing amounts while carefully observing behavior. If present symptoms worsen, reduce or discontinue the 5-HTP. As always, make such a potentially serious change only in consultation with your medical professional. First, make sure the child eats protein at every meal. Disguise it. Supplement amino acid powders, Seazyme (a predigested concentrate of white fish), and Sunflower seeds (7.5% carbohydrate and 52 percent protein! Omega-6 content [Linoleic acid] of sunflower is 57%. Interestingly, no other oil comes close to its Vitamin E222 mg per 100 grams of oil). Whatever you do, get protein down him. This is absolutely necessary for growth and development, and normal behavior. For sleep problems primarily, take 5-HTP (up to 100 mg) two to four hours before bedtime (each child may vary in how long it takes to work). This has solved the sleep problem for many. For the behavioral problems take 25 mg several times through the day. It could be a problem for school if the child is made to be drowsy, in that case reduce the amount or give it later in the day. Many find the solution to sleep problems with a supplement of melatonin (1/2 to 3 mg, 20 minutes before bedtime). Since 1/2 mg will restore normal nighttime levels, more does not necessarily work better. There are, potentially, several benefits to taking supplemental doses of melatonin other than improved sleep; for example, it promotes absorption of zinc, stimulates the thyroid, inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha, and as tests show, it protects against brain damage from mercury poisoning reducing potential for Alzheimers (without it, glutathione was reduced 30%, and other damage occurred). It is a powerful antioxidant, able to enter every cell of the body. Dr. Reiter found melatonin to be 5.9 times more effective than glutathione and 11.3 times more effective than mannitol in fighting dangerous, hydroxyl radicals. It is reported that if you give the child a small dose of melatonin daily in the morning, and then the rest at night, it will steady the melatonin levels so they dont peak out at 2:00 a.m. causing him to awake. It seems to be successful with many of these kids. For a couple of days, the child may be pretty sleepy. To avoid problems at school, start this regime on a Saturday. Nevertheless, this could result in some degree of sleep disturbance, and may interfere with the circadian regulation of certain hormones. It is vital that you solve the problem of sleep deprivation for the sake of both you and the child. One study showed that chronic sleep deprivation leads to a cellular magnesium deficiency that in turn disrupts sleep. (Another shows that an average of less than 6.5 hours of sleep increases insulin insensitivity by 40%. The raised insulin levels tend to overweight, and diabetes.) There was an increase in the thromboxane B2 level, thus promoting coronary arterial spasm and thrombus formation. Additionally, people are not chronically ill unless there is a coagulation regulatory protein defect as seen in Thrombophilia or Hypofibrinolysis. Raised insulin causes the blood to clot too readily and causes the conversion of macrophages into foam cells, which are the cells that accumulate the fatty deposits. Every step of the way, insulin is causing cardiovascular disease. It fills the body with plaque, it constricts the arteries, it stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, and it increases inflammation, thus increasing platelet adhesiveness and coaguability of the blood. This starves cells for oxygen and reduces ability to detoxify the cells. Chronic disease is the result. Glutathione has been mentioned several times. It is a small protein molecule composed of the amino acids cysteine, glutamine, and glycine. It is a powerful antioxidant found in fish and meats, and fruits and raw vegetables (asparagus, avocados, and walnuts). It is the bodys major detoxicant that binds to fat soluble toxicants, heavy metals, solvents, and pesticides, making them water soluble so they can be excreted through the kidneys (Phase II detoxification). It has been associated with prevention of cancer and cataract, and Dr. Lejeune correlated IQ and glutathione levels. It is greatly depleted in mercury poisoning, and children with autism are universally lacking in this vital nutrient, as are older people and diabetics. Increasing tissue levels is associated with improved good health in older folks. I believe it is the lack of glutathione that causes children to be heavily poisoned by heavy metals, pesticides, and arsenic. Never give your child Tylenol for it depletes the liver and lungs of all their glutathione in minutes! Haloperidol depletes glutathione, CoQ10, and NADH, all necessary to mitochondrial energy production. Candidas main deleterious effect is avid binding of vitamin B6 and coenzyme Q10. When CoQ10 is depleted 25%, clinical symptoms occur, when levels drop 75%, death occurs! A person of 77 may have 57% less CoQ10 in the heart muscle than a 20 year old (Larsen 2002)! Lipitor, the leading statin drug, dropped CoQ10 levels by 49% in a two-week study (Columbia). Additionally, Glutathione requires vitamins B2, B6, zinc, and selenium to be formed. Vitamin C (500 mg divided into two or more doses) increases its levels by 50%, Ambrotose by 100%, PhytAloe by 200% (both by Mannatech). When sulforaphane (from PhytAloes cruciferous vegetables) reaches the cell, it also activates a group of proteins called Phase II enzymes. Supplementing milk thistle, whey protein, alpha lipoic acid, SAMe, and glutamine are known to increase glutathione. These latter ones have to be used with understanding as they are contraindicated in some children. These are the symptoms of glutathione deficiency: Coordination problems, generalized cell damage, mental disorders, various nervous system disorders, tremors and twitching; red cells tend to burst, white blood cells decline in function, and nerve tissue degenerates. Abstract: At a single evening dose of 5-10 mg of melatonin (MLT), the pineal gland hormone can exert a positive effect on the frequency of epileptic attacks in children with sleep disturbances of various etiologies. We have shown that the sleep behavior can be normalized and existing epilepsy can be favorably influenced. Pretherapeutic MLT secretion profiles can provide new information concerning the origin and treatment of these disturbances. In vitro experiments suggest that this effect might be the result of the interaction between MLT and MLT-specific receptors in the neocortex. Due to its favorable safety profile, MLT can be liberally administered in the specified doses and be considered as a useful antiepileptic drugFauteck J Schmidt H Lerchl A Kurlemann G Wittkowski W Journal: Biol-Signals-Recept. 1999 Jan-Apr; 8(1-2): 105-10 1999 1422-4933. Hypoglycemia not only precipitates the release of glutamate in the brain where it can become an excitotoxin, but it magnifies the toxic effect of all excitotoxins. The amount of glucose in the brain regulates the removal of excess glutamate from the synapses; thus, a drop in blood glucose allows the buildup of toxic glutamate. This depletes glutathione. Conversely, a buildup of glutamate leads to the release of insulin, resulting in decreased blood sugar levels. Unfortunately, many foods have excitotoxins added to them as taste enhancers. The excitotoxins are known to trigger the formation of enormous storms of free radicals, leading to prolonged lipid peroxidation (oxidation of cell membranes and membranes within the cell). A recent study found that newborns exposed to MSG from day 1-10 still had a free radical elevation of 56% eighty days later. Such chronic, free-radical generation is known to produce damaging secondary, lipid-peroxidation products. Another abstract with no title credits says in part: Recent data indicate that melatonin inhibits brain glutamate receptors and nitric oxide production thus suggesting that it may exert a neuroprotective and antiexcitotoxic effect. Melatonin has been seen to prevent seizures in several animal models, and to decrease epileptic manifestations in humans....The results suggest that melatonin may have a useful role in mechanisms of neuroprotection, and they also indicate its use in other cases of untreatable epilepsy. Another study is of interest: Childrens Memorial Hospital, Chicago, in a report published by Lancet, found that, though their sleep problem was benefited, children with severe nervoussystem damage, using a dosage of five mg melatonin, experienced an increased incidence of seizures that returned to previous levels on discontinuance. Other potentially negative effects (likely at higher doses in a small number of users) could be daytime sleepiness (especially if taken in the morning), vivid dreams (nightmares), abdominal pain, headache, and nausea. Natural sources of melatonin include Feverfew, St. Johns Wort, seeds, tart cherries, bananas, tomatoes, oats, rice bran, sweet corn, wheat-grass juice, and ginger. Additionally, Dr. Beth Malow, University of Michigan Health System, found that sleep apnea can be a contributing factor in seizures. Many that were unresponsive to medications were found to have a sleep apnea problem. Thirty-three percent of one study group had these sleep problems, and were prone to experience seizures at night. Medications often made the problem worse. Sleep can be poor because of sugar problems. When blood sugar drops in the middle of the night, the child will awake. This may be from vitamin B deficiency. One who is vitamin B deficient goes to sleep easily, but keeps waking up as the blood sugar goes up and down. One who lacks calcium may be restless and have difficulty falling asleep. Once asleep, he may sleep well, but it's tough getting there. If sugar is the problem, 5-HTP or melatonin may not work until you remove the offending sugars and high glycemic foods from the diet, especially from the evening meals or snacks and supplement vitamin B-complex. Feed him at least 30% protein with each meal. Remember, sugar promotes candida, with its multiple problems (yeast grows 200 times faster), and sugar can actually make the child drunk and giggly! One of the keys to orderly brain function is glutamic acid. When sugar is consumed, the bacteria in the intestines, which manufacture vitamin B-complex, begin to die. The vitamin B-complex level declines, and the fatty acids they give off to nourish the cells of the gut lining are diminished. When the vitamin B-complex is lacking, the glutamic acid, a major brain fuel, is not properly processed and sleepiness occurs, with a decrease in short-term memory function and a loss of numerical calculative ability. The removal of B-vitamins when foods are processed makes the situation even more tenuous. It is this loss of B-vitamins needed to process lipids (fats), coupled with a high glycemic, processed-food diet that creates the fatty acid deficiencies and imbalances. Vitamin B12 therapy is based in part upon the role of vitamin B12 in synthesizing essential fatty acids. Best results seem to be had with injections of methyl-cobalamin, but be advised that vitamin B12 injections may turn the urine red! Healing the Leaky Gut (This section can be set in a side bar) To heal the digestion and the leaky gut, basically seven things are neededsupplement the following divided into 2 or more servings: 1. The amino acid L-glutamine (1500 mg/day, a maximum for your child would be 3000 mg/day) that also reduces blood and brain ammonia levels. Experiments with various animal models have demonstrated that the provision of glutamine can result in better nitrogen homeostasis, with conservation of skeletal muscle. This leads to better ability to learn, to retain, and to recall. There is also considerable evidence that glutamine can enhance the barrier function of the gut. Furthermore, it is now known that the gut produces large amounts of a vital antioxidant, glutathione, when adequate glutamine is present. Glutamine is the principal metabolic fuel for small intestine enterocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts (major players in the immune function). Supplemental use of glutamine increases intestinal villus height, stimulates the guts mucosal, cellular proliferation, and maintains mucosal integrity. It also prevents intestinal hyperpermeability and bacterial translocation, which may be involved in sepsis and the development of multiple organ failureMiller AL, Altern Med Rev, 1999 Aug, 4:4, 239-48. L-glutamine is essential for the synthesis of the mucoproteins present in the mucous secretions of the GI tract. These secretions are responsible for protecting the lining of the GI tract. In addition to protective qualities, L-glutamine administration has been known to actually improve mucosal structure and healing (Arch Surg 1990;125(8):1040-45). The Merck Index reports that cabbage contains vitamin U, the anti-ulcer vitamin, used in treatment of gastric disorders (Merck Index, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ. 1989, p 1581). Some of the healing properties of cabbage may be due to its high L-glutamine content. Cabbage juice suppresses Candida yeast infection (Heinerman, ibid, p56), and is an excellent laxative. Use it to clear impactions of the bowel. Glutamine is often low due to yeast toxins. An adequate amount of this amino acid promotes the production of growth hormone. Just be careful with glutamine. When it converts to glutamate in the intestines this releases ammonia. Excess lysine tends to excess ammonia. If you have low arginine, it will be difficult to eliminate the ammonia. Arginine also promotes the production of growth hormone. It is possible that the bacteria in the gut have lowered the arginine levels. Dr. Braverman mentions a case presented by Stanbury and colleagues from MIT, where the presenting symptom was constipation. The bowel flora contained the bacteria Streptococcus fecalis, a potent source of arginine desaminase. This enzyme converts arginine back to citrulline, and an excess of the enzyme caused a deficiency of arginine in the patient. Supplement arginine while struggling with this invader. So, perhaps start correcting deficiencies of folic acid, B12, zinc, molybdenum, arginine, aspartate, and the other aminos that help remove ammonia, before trying glutamine. If ammonia is already high, alpha-ketoglutaric acid (alpha-ketoglutarate) might be a better place to start. It will convert to glutamate when it absorbs ammonia. Glutamate then absorbs another ammonia molecule to become glutamine that delivers the unwanted ammonia to the urea cycle leading to the formation of urea that can be passed out through the kidneys. _-ketoglutaric acid is an intermediate in the Krebs cycle, and as such can be degraded to carbon dioxide and water, or transformed into sugars. As an added bonus, alpha-ketoglutarate is needed to convert B6 into its useable coenzyme form, P5P. Get expert guidance on using the aminos, and be very observant when you use them. 2. Bromelain (200 mg/day), a digestive aid and anti-inflammatory often available in item 3. It should not be used with ulcer or gastritis as the protease may eat on the raw flesh. It thins the blood, so dont take it with prescription blood thinners or aspirin. 3. A digestive aid of pancreatic enzymes, including lipase, amylase, lactase, cellulase, and peptidase, (with ox bile if there is evidence of indigestion of fat). Use enough to correct all observed stomach or bowel irregularities. A good one is GI-Zyme by Mannatech, Kirkmans EnZym-Complete or SpectraZyme by Metagenics available from www.randallnutritioncenter.com/rcnc2000/spectrazyme.html, or Ferns Nutrition, 1-800-229-3376. These do not contain ox bile. There are only a couple of possible downsides. If you are taking large, regular doses of aspirin or NSAIDS, these will make your stomach so raw, and your gut so leaky, that the protease could eat on your stomach or gut. To give the stomach full protection against HCl and protease, drink a large glass of water one-half hour before eating (this will hydrate the mucus lining of the stomach), and take the enzymes with the first part of your meal, unless they are in veggie capsules. These take longer to dissolve. Take them 15 minutes before eating. (mix it in a spoon of food for children). So, if taking lots of pain pills, or if you have an ulcer, or severe gastritis, find an enzyme supplement without protease. RGardens, International, Gamma-Zyme, 200 capsules for $30.00, is the only one I know of (Phone 800-700-7767). Some have found MSM as effective as Tagamet or Zantac in relieving ulcer pain and heartburn. Remember too, that aspirin or aspirin-containing compounds or anti-inflammatory drugs such as indocin, butazolidin, or cortisone should never be taken when hydrochloric acid is being supplemented. This combination increases the risk of ulcer. Two enzyme tablets at bedtime are reported to usually desensitize you to pollens and things that cause hayfeverand perhaps other allergies. Enzymes introduced in large amounts too quickly can affect the bowel: usually diarrhea, intestinal bloating, peculiar acrid smell of the stool, and, in some cases, itching of the perianal area. Work up to dose slowly, back off if these symptoms persist. 4. Probiotics: Lactobacillus Acidophilus, Bifido Bifidusthese produce most of the available vitamins Bcomplex and K, and the fatty acids (butyrate) that the cells in the lining of the gut depend on for their nutrition, and they keep candida yeast from becoming a problem. Additionally, by producing a substance, Muramil Dipeptide, that activates synthesis of B- and T-lymphocytes, the healthy gut wall is literally infiltrated, jam-packed, with B and T lymphocytes ready to protect the body from any invader. Further, the beneficial flora of the gut synthesize such antiviral substances as interferon, lizocym, and surfactiris that dissolve the membranes of lipid-envelope viruses. Take these on an empty stomach for best results, possibly with a little baking soda water to help them survive the journey. These will not recolonize the gut without some lactic acid. 5. Supplement vitamins A and D [preferably as cod-liver oil (5000 to 10,000 IU vitamin A, 800 to 1200 IU vitamin D. Should you not use CLO, then choose a water miscible form)], and the minerals zinc (15-30 mg/day) and copper (in an 8:1 zinc/copper ratio, but not exceeding five mg per day, unless testing shows there is high copper alreadyas it probably will in autism, but do not take together) in addition to a broad-based, multi-vitamin/mineral supplement Nutrilite Food Supplement by Amway or, preferably, GlycoBears chewable multivitamin/mineral by Mannatech. Zinc reduces intestinal permeability in malnourished children with diarrhea. A lack of copper may cause seizuresArch Dis Child, 1982;57[9]:716-18. A lowered hematocrit (red blood cell count) can be indicative of lowered blood copper levels (copper induced anemia). A 1977 South African Medical Journal study of vitamin A as therapy for excessive bleeding (bleeding is the leading cause of hysterectomies) reported a 92.5% cure rate! The article cited the use of vitamin A over a ten-year period at Johannesburg General Hospital and documented a 92% cure rate. An extreme vegetarian diet, recommended and promoted by many, depletes the bodys stores of vitamin A leading to malnutrition. A search of standard nutrition textbooks confirms that persons with low thyroid function, babies, and young children are unable to convert beta carotene (found in vegetables and used in place of vitamin A in most vitamin pills) into usable vitamin A. Patients with low thyroid often have excess bleeding, and are at extreme risk of unneeded surgery to the reproductive organs. In addition to this, many foods, particularly the soy foods with a high copper, diadzen, and genistein content, are known to depress the thyroid function. The textbooks also state that vitamin A is needed for iron absorption, and the building of blood, but few indeed will direct that vitamin A be taken with iron supplements. People with underactive thyroids are always vitamin A deficient. They cannot convert beta-carotene to vitamin A, nor can they convert vitamin A to the form usable by the eyes. Without adequate vitamin A they cannot convert the thyroid hormone T4 to T3! Once in a while, you will see a yellow cast to the palms of the hands and bottoms of the feet, or around the eyes and cheeks, due to an inability to handle carotene. The antioxidant Vitamin A is vital to a childs ability to sleep through the night, to have abundant energy, and to have a strong immune system. Additionally, in South Africa, high death rates following measles vaccine were reduced to virtually zero by injecting 200,000 IU of vitamin A with the vaccine! In an American study, kids who stayed out of trouble got 8,000 IU of vitamin A in their diet, those who were usually in trouble, got 3,000! Grab that CLO! Nevertheless, like zinc, absorbability and individual need for vitamin A can vary widely. If no improvement is seen, keep increasing the daily intake by 10,000 IU per day (every 2 to 4 weeks) until benefits are experienced or until a rough, dry, dirty rash appears around the neck or upper shoulders, or nausea, or headache occurs indicating toxicity. Should this occur, stop the supplement for a few days until these symptoms disappear, then reinstitute the supplement at a lower amount (Dr. Sidney Baker). Your doctor should monitor this type program. Additionally, bleeding can be a sign of vitamin K deficiency. This is quite likely in autists because of a failure to eat green vegetables and a lack of friendly bacteria in the gut (they make 80% of our available vitamin K). Vitamin K is more than a blood-clotting vitamin, however. It is a powerful antioxidant, and necessary to vital function. It prevents Arteriosclerosis by preventing hardening (calcification) of the arteries and prevents osteoporosis by working with vitamin D in controlling calcium utilization, preventing excessive bone loss. Though it is a fat-soluble vitamin, vitamin K is not stored and must be absorbed on a daily basis. The pancreas contains one of the highest levels where it is involved with sugar regulation and aids in control of hypoglycemic related anxiety attacks. Vitamin K reacts enzymatically with glutamate and calcium to ensure proper placement of calcium where it belongs in bone and teeth. It is a cofactor for the conversion of glutamate to gamma carboxyglutamate. Lack of vitamin K would create a cycle of deregulation in the glutamate/calcium pathway leading to further neurological inflammation. Glutamate also leads to release of insulin that results in decreased blood sugar levels. The amount of glucose in the brain regulates the removal of excess glutamate from the synapses; thus, a drop in glucose allows the buildup of toxic glutamate. A supplement of at least one milligram a day for children would be indicated, with 10 mg a day being suggested for adults. Women who took a lot of vitamin D with low vitamin K had double the hip fractures! Dr. Woody McGinnis, MD, USA has this to say about copper: I think a lot of our behavioral kids are intolerant of even a milligram or two of extra copper, even in the face of high Zinc supplementation. This is contrary to the usual proportional balance we like to strike. I get a serum Copper and a plasma Zinc, and try to keep the ratio less than 1:1. This intolerance is probably because normal levels of copper are toxic to mercury-poisoned people. High copper is also one indicator of candida. Nevertheless, blood, urine, and even hair analysis may not reveal copper toxicity directly. Copper is stored mainly in the brain, liver, and other organs, not in the blood or urine. Several indirect indicators on a hair mineral test are also excellent to detect copper imbalance. These include a hair calcium level greater than about 100 mg%, a potassium level less than about 3 mg%, a sodium/potassium ratio less than 2.5:1, a zinc/copper ratio less than 6:1, an elevated mercury level or a copper level less than 1.0 mg%. The significance and urgency of building vitamin A is seen in a recent report: These data indicate that vitamin A is necessary for optimal function in the hippocampus, which we know to be a main seat of learning, said Salk researcher Sharoni Jacobs, The study indicates that the detrimental effects of vitamin A deprivation (on learning) are remarkably reversible, which offers hope to the millions of children worldwide with vitamin A-deficient diets. 6. Aloe (preferably Ambrotose RAO that contains Manapol and many other saccharides and antioxidants for even better results, or Man-Aloe Classic (Manapol) by Mannatech for they are the only stabilized, standardized, aloe products available). 7. Balance flora by use of antifungals and supplement flora with yogurt or a probiotic supplement. Provide fiber, preferably fructooligosaccharide to provide an environment for the good guys to overcome yeast and other bad guys, or other non-gluten fiber. Mannatechs GI-Pro offers a 12-billion count for effective colonization. 8. Restore adequate sulfate to the body as outlined in the section Phenol-sulfotransferase. When the gut is healed and the digestion restored, bizarre eating habits will cease, and a more balanced dietary will be possible. There are three things to know about glutamine: 1. It can cause a buzz like excess caffeinethe kid will be hyper, in that case reduce the amount until this disappears. The amount recommended is not likely to do this. 2. High glutamine readings are seen in subclinical ammonia toxicity. This could be due to a weak detoxification, or to excess protein intake. In the latter case, other amino acids will be high. 3. Glutamine and arginine are the precursors that, with the help of vitamin B6, produce the amino acid GABA. Perhaps because of this relationship, both glutamine and vitamin B6 have been shown helpful to those suffering epilepsy. A pyridoxine deficiency decreased GABA in the hippocampal area by 32% in female rats. Additionally, according to current research done at NeuroGenesis, low levels of opioids, caused by stress, also result in low levels of GABA. In addition, low levels of opioids are correlated with high dopamine levels and low serotonin levels. Excessive anxiety and panic disorder can be related to GABA imbalances and sugar imbalances. GABA is an inhibitory transmitter that exerts a calming action. GABA Recent research by Ed Cook and associates at the University of Chicago established that there are one or more genes on chromosome 15 that manifest in autism. The chromosome 15 children studied so far showed regression. Between 12 and 24 months of age they lost skills. These children displayed low muscle tone. They walked on time, Cook says, and they can eat OK; its not severe. They may have had a little trouble holding their heads up as infants, and show a history of low tone in other ways. Most kids with autism arent like that, so the floppy ones stand out a bit. A lot of them visually look like Fragile X, with hyper-extensibility of the joints, double-jointedness, and ears that may be a bit longer than normal, and incorrectly rotated backward. Some had speech delay, lack of social skills, and stereotyped or repetitive behaviors. In addition, these children had seizures and hypotonia, or low muscle tone, characteristics that are not normally associated with autism. These children all had a duplication of part of chromosome 15. The prospects for knowledge of chromosome 15 leading to a biomedical treatment for autism are high. This is so because the affected region on chromosome 15 contains three genes that code for the neurotransmitter gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), This is the neurotransmitter involved in preventing anxiety and is essential to integrating motor and mental functions. It is used as an aid to restoring speech following stroke. Lou Gehrigs disease (ALS) and other neurological conditions result from altered metabolism of the neurotransmitter glutamate, needed to form GABA, which leads (in ALS) to motor-neuron degeneration and loss of motor function. Copper suppresses GABA and also suppressed thyroid function. Those suffering ALS actually have twice as much serum glutamate as normal, apparently from a lack of glutamate transporter protein that normally removes excess glutamate (this defect has only been seen in ALS), storing it in the Astrocytes. Aspartate levels were also elevated while other amino acid levels were normal! Glutamate and Aspartate are excitotoxins when in excess at the neuron, and cause death of the neurons. It has been shown that exposure to high concentrations of excitotoxins in short term most often produces ALS and Parkinsons, while long term, chronic exposure produces dementia. There is increased risk of stroke and seizures. These excitotoxins are a distinct problem with autistic and other children due to the large amounts of flavor enhancers and aspartame being consumed by many. Excessive glutamatergic stimulation is associated with epileptiform activity, which is common in autistic subjects. This excessive stimulation, with its potential loss of neurons, is greatly increased when brain energy supplies are reduced as in hypoglycemia and uncontrolled seizures (which use enormous amounts of energy). When a seizure occurs, the brain undergoes some drastic biochemical changes. Its metabolic rate increases enormously, and glucose and oxygen consumption increases to supply the needed energy. Unfortunately, the oxygen delivery system is unable to keep up with the enormous demands. The brain becomes oxygen starved, and must shift its metabolism to a much less efficient energy producing system called glycolysis. A lactic acid buildup occurs in the brain, and if the seizure is not stopped, neurons begin to die. Glutamate levels are elevated in absence of adequate energy. High extra-cellular levels of glutamate cause extrusion of intracellular cysteine resulting in glutathione depletion. Low levels of magnesium also result in decreased levels of Glutathione, as does infection or inflammation that causes elevations in TNF (a). A supplement of vitamins C, E, K, and B6, the amino acids Theanine (precursor to GABA), taurine, glycine, and N-acetylcarnitine, the minerals magnesium, manganese, zinc, and lithium, oral or transdermal glutathione, melatonin, and large amounts of L-leucine (induces Glutamate Dehydrogenase) greatly reduce the excitotoxic effects and significantly improves neurological function. Alcohol, anticonvulsants like Gabapentrin (Neurontin), and anti-anxiety medications like benzodiazepine, Xanax, and Valium all work by attaching to the GABA receptor. Vigabatrin binds to enzymes that inactivate GABA, knocking them out of commission. This ensures that GABA stays at a level that will keep the message delivery system working properly. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter; it prevents cells from firing. Some call it the brains braking system. Taking 750 mg of GABA, divided into 3 doses daily (Adult) is very effective even in acute anxiety, and may reduce nighttime urination. Taurine is a second calming neurotransmitter that proves very effective in conjunction with GABA. It is known that vitamin B12 may be important for many conditions including anxiety, depression, mood swings, and memory loss, so it should be supplemented also (serum B12 is not necessarily an accurate way of measuring B12 status). The above statement is in error as far as GABApentin (Neurontin) is concerned. Here from the PDR (US medical handbook) 2002 is the statement regarding GABApentin: GABApentin is structurally related to the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), but it does not interact with GABA receptors, it is not converted metabolically into GABA or a GABA agonist, and it is not an inhibitor of GABA uptake or degradation. It is not metabolized, but leaves the body unchanged. Studies with radio-labeled GABApentin have revealed a GABApentin binding site in areas of rat brain including neocortex and hippocampus. This brings us to another line of converging evidence: in the cerebellum, the Purkinje cells (that Margaret Bauman has found to be diminished in the autistic brain) release GABA. Bolte notes that tetanus infection of the intestines leads to the formation of toxic compounds called phenols. As a corrosive substance, phenol (carbolic acid) denatures proteins and generally acts as a protoplasmic poison. Studies of autistic individuals have detected markedly elevated levels of the phenolic metabolite of tyrosine called 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl) - 3-hydroxypropionic acid (HPHPA). Several autistic children with high HPHPA levels, have shown a significant reduction in stereotyped behaviors when treated with antimicrobials effective against intestinal Clostridiaa genus of bacteria that includes tetanus. When certain bacteria of the CLOSTIRIDUM family (genus) are present in high numbers, phenylpropionic acid or 3-hydroxytrosine may be formed in the intestinal tract. Either of these compounds may then be converted to 3-hydroxphenyl-propionic acid that is, in turn, converted to HPHPA by the enzymes in the human mitochondria that break down fatty acidsWilliam Shaw, Great Plains Laboratory. This could be a major contributor to the phenol toxicity of the PST child. These phenolics prolong the life of and intensify cellular responses to catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, etc.). They each act as cardiac stimulants, which accounts for the accelerated pulse that Dr. Arthur F. Coca so wisely deduced was symptomatic of an allergenic response. Nicotine was observed to have a pronounced effect on biological membranes, that is, it increases the permeability of these membranes to certain pharmacologically active substances, such as norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. Peristalsis is increased in the intestine and distribution of blood is altered by these phenolics because of the sensitizing of smooth muscles to epinephrine, norepinephrine, and other physiological stimulants. There is evidence for increased entry of potassium ions into the cell under the influence of epinephrine. This could account for the electrolyte imbalances and water retention (edema) noted in allergies. We have noticed that the molar ratio of the urinary concentration of the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA) to that of the epinephrine/norepinephrine (adrenaline/noradrenaline) metabolite vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) is commonly elevated when HPHPA is elevated. This appears to indicate that a by-product involved in the formation of HPHPA likely inhibits the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine leading to relative dopamine excess. Animal studies indicate that dopamine neurons mediate behaviors such as hyperactivity and stereotypical behaviors common in autism. Of course, the drugs such as the phenothiazines and Haloperidol (and Risperdal), commonly used to treat autism and schizophrenia, are well known to block the action of excessive dopamine at the receptor levelBiological Treatments for Autism and PDD, Wm. Shaw. It is noted that excess dopamine contributes to sleep disorders, tics, OCD, and Exposure Anxiety that keeps the autistic child in constant fight-or-flight mode. It would seem that a test for and treatment of Clostridia could be very well indicated. Additionally, supplements of magnesium and potassium will tend to balance the Autonomic Nervous System, calming the child. Choline (Lecithin) is antidopaminergic, as is anything that will build acetylcholine. Vitamin B6 and zinc deficiency tends to excess dopamine. Now, the $64.00 question is, what raises HPHPA and interferes with the neurotransmitters? That is a well-known answer. It is from Clostridia acting on the amino acid phenylalanine! Now, why would this essential amino acid be a problem? Two reasons: 1) you inherited a problem with metabolizing it called Phenylketonuria (PKU). This is a condition tested for at birth, and if found, a diet free of phenylalanine is prescribed, but it is notorious that the guideline in USA for treating what I will call subclinical phenylketonuria is allowing many to have the problem without being treated. Disruption in tyrosine production in hepatic cells, arising from this genetic condition, also results in autism (Gillberg & Coleman, 1992, p.203). PKU babies are born with pale-colored eyes, pale skin (lack of melanin), and are born with or quickly developed blond hair (90% have blond hair, others are significantly lighter than their family). As retardation develops, there are behavior problems: irritability, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and destructive outbursts. They have a predisposition for eczema, and are recognized by their peculiar body odor. The high phenylalanine level is due to a genetic lack of phenylalanine hydroxylase, which converts phenylalanine to tyrosine. It is possible that mercury, cadmium, lead, and arsenic could depress this enzyme producing hyperphenylalanine. Subclinical PKU creates many symptoms associated with autism. Nevertheless, Great Plains Laboratory found only one case of PKU in 10,000 tests. 2) Clostridia overgrowth. When these are present in high numbers, the phenylpropionic acid or 3-hydroxytyrosine may be formed by these bacteria from phenylalanine in the intestinal tract. These are then converted to HPHPA in the mitochondria. What is the chance you have Clostridia? You might want to have an OAT and a stool test by Great Plains Laboratory to determine if you have the Clostridia problem creating an excess of dopamine, or if you have PKU creating many autistic symptoms. If formation of these phenols prove to be the cause of high dopamine, then you are drug free! If your PKU test shows a value five or higher, then treat for PKU (restrict phenylalanine). Kill off any Clostridia found. The children treated for clostridia (usually with Flagyl) become more sociable, speak more, improve their eye contact, and are less hyperactive and hypersensitive. It should be noted that very high doses of L. Acidophilus GG is usually equally effective as metronidazole (Flagyl) except for systemic overgrowth. Additionally, Flagyl has a lot of side effects (including disabling the biochemical paths of energy generation, producing symmetrical brainstem damage), and can upset the ecological balance in the gastrointestinal tract leading to a yeast overgrowth. Dr. Shaw warns that the die-off effect can be even more severe than that of Candida. Some combination of Alka-Seltzer Gold, bentonite clay, and charcoal should be used to minimize the die-off effect and protect from damage. Supplemental Alpha Lipoic Acid and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) detoxify this poison also. Bolte adds, Parents also noted that regression occurred very quickly after treatment was discontinued. Given these findings, Bolte says, Parents, doctors, and researchers must combine efforts to determine if some people diagnosed as autistic are actually suffering from unrecognized forms of sub-acute tetanus. This is very significant to that large block of children who do not handle phenol well (PST). The use of Organic Acid Testing (OAT) can provide a valuable tool guiding therapy so that harmful microorganisms may be eliminated before treatments with amino acids like phenylalanine that might actually cause neuropsyciatric symptoms to worsen. It is most interesting to note that phenol poisoning, as suffered by the PST child, deadens the nerves endings much as does aspirin (a phenol), thereby masking pain. In addition, she notes, inhibitory neurons that release the neurotransmitter GABA are a preferred target for tetanus neurotoxinsand the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, that often appear highly abnormal in autistic individuals, are inhibitory neurons that release GABA. Additionally, GABA is reported to stimulate the brain to release human growth hormone (HGH), and to stimulate the anterior pituitary function. Glutamine, a precursor of GABA, readily passes through the blood-brain barrier and is a good supplement to take if one wants to increase brain levels of GABA, since glutamine, once it is in the brain, converts into GABA, however, excess glutamine can become excitotoxic. Due to that possibility, GABA may be the preferred supplement. GABA activity is found in glands controlled by the sympathetic nervous system, namely: the pancreas and thymus. If the pancreas is not healthy, the result can be high glutamate, low GABA levels, decreased Secretin and CCK levels, and decreased vitamin K, among other imbalances. It is estimated that 3040% of all CNS neurons utilize GABA as their primary neurotransmitter! Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the active enzyme capable of decarboxylating glutamate to GABA, requires pyridoxal 5-phosphate (P5P) as cofactor. When there is not enough GABA a person can have a seizure because receiving neurons can be flooded with signals that say, pass on this message. This is due to the excitotoxic action of glutamine or aspartate, a type of neurotransmitter that promotes message transfer by triggering the go messages. The charged signals they set off are positive. This time, more positively charged sodium particles (Na+) enter the neuron, which tells the receiving neurons to pass on the message. Valproic Acid (Depakote), on the other hand, blocks GABA transaminase activity, thereby elevating GABA levels, thus alleviating seizures. Why depend on a drug that robs the body of L-carnitine and folic acid, vitamin E, and alpha-ketoglutaric acid when GABA can be increased nutritionally with glutamine, zinc, and P5P (or GABA)? Further, Depakote (Epilum) is a bad choice of anticonvulsants due to the risk of fatal hepatotoxicity, and it acts on the metabolic pathways, which could further lower the platelet levels. The hepatotoxicity is probably due to valproate-induced carnitine deficiency. In vitro, Depakote also increases replication of measles, CMV, and HIV viruses! I wouldnt be surprised if it increases replication of other viruses. That Valproatea substituted fatty acid with a structure completely dissimilar to that of lithiuminhibits GSK-3 activity may be important in the pathogenesis and treatment of mood disorders. In vitro studies have shown that lithium, at concentrations approximating those used in clinical practice, is a potent inhibitor of GSK-3. Then, why not use lithium for seizures before using the deadly Valproate (Depakene, Depakote)? Lithium also protects against neuronal injury when quinolinic acid is injected into the striatum, a process often used as an animal model of Huntingtons disease. Lithium is now available in 5 mg and 67.5 mg capsules, with up to 30 mg suggested as prudent adult usage to avoid deficiency. Should toxicity be a concern, take it with some fatty acids. That will stop even the toxicity of pharmaceutical dosages. Drug induced tremors and tics are common, and Depakote can cause them. To prevent, use at least 333 mg each of vitamins C and niacinamide, and 66 mg each of vitamins B6 and E with a good broad-based, vitamin-mineral supplement. In one ten-year study, not a single case occurred! If already suffering the devastating effects of this doctor-induced condition, use 5 to 10 times as much, and pray. I believe Ambrotose AO, PhytAloe, and PLUS by Mannatech, Inc. would be mandatory. Of course, when using Depakote, supplement carnitine, folic acid, alpha-ketoglutarate, P5P, zinc, copper, selenium, vitamin D, and biotin, all of which it depletes. Symptoms of carnitine deficiency are poor muscle tone and problems walking. By encouraging the oxidation of fats, carnitine will suppress glucose oxidation. This could contribute to seizures because oxidation of glucose produces more carbon dioxide than does the oxidation of fats. This is important because carbon dioxide helps get oxygen delivered to the tissue and helps protect one from seizures. So, it may be wise to test for carnitine levels before supplementing. This study is enlightening: Ten control subjects and 14 patients with refractory complex partial seizures were examined. Brain glutamine concentrations were above normal in three of five patients taking valproate and two of nine taking carbamazepine or phenytoin (One-third are being harmed!WSL). Mean glutamine levels of patients taking valproate were higher than control subjects and patients taking carbamazepine or phenytoin. Brain glutamate concentrations were above normal in four of nine patients taking phenytoin or carbamazepine and two of five taking valproate. Brain GABA levels were below normal in four of nine patients taking carbamazepine or phenytoin and one of five taking valproate. Above normal glutamate or below normal GABA was present in nine of 14 patients and may contribute to their refractory epilepsy. Increased brain glutamine associated with valproate therapy may reflect mild hyperammonemiaPetroff OA, Rothman DL, Behar KL, Hyder F, Mattson RH Department of Neurology, Yale University. Carnitine supplementation is effective in reducing valproic-acid associated hyperammonemia. Recommended dosages for carnitine replacement are 50 mg/kg/day in children, and 1 to 3 gm per day for adults in 2 or 3 divided doses. Seizures may result from glutathione peroxidase deficiency, which could be from lack of bioavailable selenium. Selenium (seleno-methionine) supplementation in children resulted in a reduction in almost continual seizures and improvement in EEG recordings after 2 weeks. Melatonin also causes a significant increase in glutathione peroxidase. Based on the following, Epsom salts baths should be helpful to those prone to seizures. Symptoms of excess glutamate in the brain include headache, numbness, tingling, and flushing. This abstract is revealing of the place of vitamin B6 and zinc in the excess glutamate paradox: From Controlling Seizures: a Nutritional Approach, by Dr. Ward Dean, MD. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the brains major inhibitory neurotransmitter, tends to be in lower than normal levels in seizure-prone rats and humans with epilepsy. Seizure-prone pre-eclamptic patients (hypertensive condition during late pregnancy) also have decreased brain GABA concentrations. Brain GABA levels depend on both zinc and vitamin B6. Zinc is involved in the maintenance of pyridoxal phosphate concentrations by the activation of pyridoxal kinase. Pyridoxal kinase is important in decarboxylation, and lack of this enzyme results in lowered brain levels of GABA. Consequently, zinc deficiency may increase the risk of pre-eclamptic seizures by reducing brain GABA concentrations and lowering the seizure threshold. Unfortunately, plasma pyridoxal phosphate measurements alone do not appear to accurately reflect vitamin B6 status or true tissue pyridoxal phosphate levels. Glutamate concentrations in the brain are higher in some seizure patients, and these concentrations can increase to potentially neurotoxic concentrations during seizures. These concentrations may reach levels capable of causing cell death. The importance of relative concentrations of glutamate, gamma aminobutyric acid, and pyridoxal-5-phosphate with respect to seizures is illustrated by a 33-month old male seizure patient whose cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glutamate levels were 200 times normal! When he was given vitamin B6 at a dose of 5mg/kg body weight per day (350 mg), his EEG normalized and his seizures stopped, but the CSF glutamate concentration was still 10 times normal. With a higher dose of B6 (10mg/kg bw/d-700 mg), the CSF glutamic acid normalized. These results indicate that the optimal dose of B6 for epileptics should be the dose that normalizes CSF glutamate levels, not just the control of seizures. Magnesium sulfate is standard therapy for pregnancy-induced hypertension (eclampsia and pre-eclampsia) to prevent seizures. Ten grams of magnesium are administered intramuscularly initially, followed by 5 gm intramuscularly every 4 hours. If administered intravenously, a 6 gm bolus over 15 minutes is given, followed by 1 to 3 gm per hour. In a comparative study, Dilantin was compared to magnesium in preventing seizures and reducing blood pressure. The investigators found no differences in the patients tolerance, adverse reactions, or outcomes between the two groups. Nevertheless, magnesium will not suppress the immune function as does Dilantin: Evidence is accumulating that this anti-seizure medication may have significant immunosuppressive effects (Hadden 1986). National Toxicology Program studies in mice exposed to diphenylhydantoin demonstrated a selective effect on immune function resulting in depressed serum IgA levels and altered bone marrow function. Researchers are trying to correlate these findings with the IgA deficiency and increased sinuopulmonary infection that occurs in humans on long-term diphenylhydantoin treatment (NTP 1984). GABAB receptors are metabotropic receptors that are coupled to G-proteins and thereby indirectly alter membrane ion permeability and neuronal excitability. Activation of GABA-B receptors in many brain regions results in an increase in K+ (potassium) channel conductance with a resultant hyperpolarization of the neuronal membrane. This increase in K+ conductance is often blocked by pretreatment with pertussis toxin (pertussis toxin uncouples Gi-protein from receptors), indicating that many postsynaptic GABA-B receptors are indirectly coupled to K+ channels through an intervening G-protein. There is considerable evidence that a large proportion of GABA-B receptors are coupled to G-proteins, but there is also evidence that some presynaptic GABA-B receptors may be directly linked to K+ channels. The fact that GABA-B receptors are coupled to G-proteins may also explain, in part, the reported effects of GABA-B receptor agonists on calcium (Ca2+) conductance and secondarily neurotransmitter release. One mother has noted increased verbal capacity after supplementing the amino acid GABA! An adult, Polly Hattemer, says, I tried GABA. It made me regress intellectually. I could hardly recall any nouns. GABApentin was helpful. The usual effect of too much GABA is lethargy (fatigue). It should be noted; GABApentin has been associated with a worsening of hyperactivity in some cases. The types apt to respond to GABA are the clearly identified chromosome 15 kids, and those with high phenol levels (See PST below). That encompasses about everybody! Methinks, maybe we should try glutamine with vitamin B6 (P5P), or GABA, or even Bethanechol, before Pepcid? Once again, strengthen the immune function by following the suggestions herein. There is a growing interest in an amino acid Theanine (not Threonine) that induces a very relaxed frame. L-theanine is a natural antagonist to the structurally similar amino acid, glutamate. The similarity enables L-theanine to physically block glutamate. Although researchers arent positive how theanine works yet, they theorize that it blocks the NMDA receptor which is the doorway that glutamate uses to affect cells. Because of the similar structure, theanine can also fit in this doorway keyhole, blocking access to glutamate. Although it can fit in the keyhole, theanine does not have the same effect on the cell as glutamate does (i.e., opens the calcium channel). Rather than causing damage, theanine acts like a shield against damage by acting as a Calcium Channel Blocker along with magnesium, manganese, and zinc. Together, they should reduce excitoxic excitation of neurons and cells, preventing hyperexcitability and lowering blood pressure. Theanine is a precursor known to increase GABA, an important inhibitory neurotransmitter. You might like to use this instead of GABA. Theanine has also been found to have beneficial effects by raising the levels of serotonin and/or dopamine in various important brain regions, particularly the hypothalamus, hippocampus (memory center), and striatum. Theanine reduces norepinephrine and epinephrine activity, turnover, and urinary excretion. Adult dosage is reported to be 100 mg 1 to 4 times per day. Additionally, Bukowski explained that L-theanine (found in tea) is broken down in the liver to ethylamine, a molecule that primes the response of an immune-system element called the gamma-delta T-cell. Thats the T-cell that prompts the secretion of interferon, which is an important way our bodies fight infection. We know from other studies that these gamma-delta T-cells in the blood are the first line of defense against many types of bacteria, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. They even have some anti-tumor activity. Some additional thoughts on the importance of supporting the thymus: Thymus glandulars taken orally with a multiple-vitamin/mineral supplement have been proven to be modulators of the immune system, normalizing the ratio of T-helper cells to suppresser cells whether the ratio is low as in AIDS, chronic infections, and cancer; or high as in allergies, migraine headaches, and autoimmune diseases. Thymus glandulars can be dramatically effective in children suffering chronic infections. In autoimmune diseases, a high ratio of T-helper cells to suppresser cells causes a higher than normal number of antibodies to be produced which can damage body structures. A robust thymus will normalize this ratio and suppress immune complexes. Who needs to rebuild the thymus? Typically thymic hormone levels are very low in the elderly, in those prone to infection, in cancer and AIDS sufferers, and in those undergoing chronic stress. Specifically, those with multiple sclerosis (MS), diabetes, hepatitis, allergies and other autoimmune diseases, the nutrient deficient (that is, those eating quantities of white sugar and refined foods), those with high cholesterol levels, and all children who never had a mothers milk for at least four months. Did I miss anyone? Support the thymus by using a Thymus Glandular and a multivitamin/mineral supplement! When the thymus gland dries up, no one treats that as a medical condition even though every doctor and nurse is taught that the thymus gland controls the immune system. It controls the immune system in two ways. First, it is a source of T (thymus)-cells or T-lymphocytes. It is these T-cells that fight the battle against viruses, bacteria, yeast, and other foreign invaders that attack the bodys immune system. The thymus gland seeds the bone marrow with immature T-cells that multiply and mature. Second, the thymus gland produces a variety of hormones that stimulate the maturation of T-cells and increase production of other hormones, such as interferon and the immune globulins. Several hormones have been isolated from the thymus, but the one receiving the most attention in medical studies right now is Alpha 1. Supplementation as recommended has been shown to increase Alpha 1 from 300% to 700% depending on the dosageMy Experience Treating Immune System Disorders with Glandular and Vitamin Supplements, by Dr. Carson G. Burgstiner, MD, PC. Zinc is specific to the improved function of the thymus. Except for nursing infants, 15 mg zinc daily is safe, however, when taking zinc and high amounts of vitamin C one must check copper status or run the risk of depleting copper and creating a copper anemia. Dr. Burgsteiner speaks of Thymus and a good multivitamin/mineral healing his Hepatitis C. Dr. Jonathan Wright, MD, recommends a protocol developed by Dr. Burton Berkson, MD, that emphasizes Lipoic acid (600 mg), Silymarin (Milk Thistle, 900 mg), and selenium (400 mcg), adult amounts. Selenium, according to Dr. Wright, slows the replication of the virus. Lipoic Acid significantly alters thiol metabolism, excretion, and distribution - significantly increasing plasma cysteine levels and bile excretion of glutathione resulting in depletion of the liver stores of glutathione. These side effects contradict the proposal for a sustained megadosing of LA. Ambrotose, by Mannatech, Inc. has been successful in restoring liver function and energy output. Be mindful of my concerns, mentioned elsewhere in this paper, about Milk Thistle and high amounts of Lipoic Acid. Candida Yeasts are single-celled forms that reproduce by budding, whereas molds form multicellular hyphae (filament tails). Dimorphic fungi grow as yeasts or spherules in vivo, as well as in vitro at 37C, but as molds at 25C. Dimorphism is regulated by factors such as temperature, CO2 concentration, pH, and the levels of cysteine or other sulfhydryl-containing compounds. Regardless of their shape or size, fungi are all heterotrophic and digest their food externally by releasing hydrolytic enzymes into their immediate surroundings (absorptive nutrition). Fungi can use a number of different carbon sources to meet their carbon needs for the synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Oxidation of sugars, alcohols, proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides provides them with a source of energy. Differences in their ability to utilize different carbon sources, such as simple sugars, sugar acids, and sugar alcohols, are used, along with morphology, to differentiate the various yeasts. Fungi require a source of nitrogen for synthesis of amino acids for proteins, purines and pyrimidines for nucleic acids, glucosamine for chitin, and various vitamins. Depending on the fungus, nitrogen may be obtained in the form of nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, or organic nitrogen; no fungus can fix nitrogen. Most fungi use nitrate, which is reduced first to nitrite (with the aid of nitrate reductase) and then to ammonia. Generally, either low temperature or pH favors the development of budding yeast. Our human ideal basal temperature of 98.6 degrees F. has a purpose. It is just a tad higher than favored by strep and the yeast families, namely, Candida species. This is why it is so vital to support the thyroid. High copper is also one indicator of candida for it suppresses thyroid function. Other substances such as biotin, cysteine, serum transferrin, and zinc are said to stimulate dimorphism (changing forms from yeast to fungus) in this yeast. Experiments designed to test the biotin-yeast hypothesis have demonstrated that the concentration of simple sugars in the culture medium is the only reliable variable to directly determine the form candida cells will take. Below a certain sugar concentration, the yeast remain single-celled, and stay in the gut. When sugar concentration rises above a certain threshold, the organism becomes fungal, and tends to enter the blood and thrive in moist warm areas including the brain. (Importance of some factors on the dimorphism of Candida albicans. Vidotto V; Picerno G; Caramello S; Paniate G; Mycopathologia, 1988 Dec, 104:3, 129-35) Sugar also kills the bacteria that control candida. Further, a serving of cake and ice cream or a large bottle of sugary, soft drink will reduce the immune function by 50% for up to five hoursmake that all day for those who indulge their sweet tooth several times a day. Remember, sugar promotes candida, with its multiple problems (yeast grows 200 times faster), and sugar can actually make the child drunk and giggly! In fact, 50 years ago, Dr. Sandler proved that sugar causes polio and other viral infections due to this loss of immune function. (Diet Prevents Polio, by Benjamin P. Sandler, M.D., and published in 1951 by The Lee Foundation for Nutritional Research, Milwaukee, WI). Is it any wonder that our kids harbor several chronic viral infections? Our goal is to strengthen the body and weaken the infectious agent. Eliminating simple sugars and starches with a high glycemic rating does this most effectively. Sugar and starch in excess are deadly poison to these beautiful children. You wouldnt give them arsenic would you? Yeast species like candida are known to induce immune changes, and to produce neurotoxins, and most autistic children have yeast problems. Yeast binds the B-vitamins, and in absence of Bifidus flora, creates subclinical pellagra and beriberi. This lack of B-vitamins, particularly vitamin B6, will interfere with the production of serotonin, melatonin, and other important neurotransmitters that control behaviorso normal brain chemistry in the presence of yeast overgrowth is unlikely. Just the elimination of candida has been found to cure or alleviate a third of all eczema, irritable bowel, asthma, joint pains, and migraine. A multitude of symptoms such as heartburn and reflux; diarrhea, or alternating diarrhea and constipation; year-round nasal congestion; pounding heart; palpitations; paroxysmal atrial tachycardia; mitral valve prolapse; edema; cold, sweaty hands and feet; dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation); PMS; endometriosis; vaginitis; muscle soreness, tenderness, aching, stiffness, weakness, and cramping (probably due to decreased blood flow); easy fatigability; dry skin; acne; anorexia; a red circle of rash around the anus; and virtually all psoriasis often disappear when an anti-yeast regimen is instituted. Mentally, there may be irritability, a tendency to anger, fears, panic attacks, an impending sense of doom, worry, depression, and loss of interest in enjoyable activities. There may be trouble concentrating and remembering, indecisiveness, and being fuzzy or dull-headed. There may be extreme hunger or sugar cravings that may be chronic or periodic. Hypoglycemia is common, with its weakness, fatigue, shaking, anxiety, headache, and sleepiness. Another symptom of candida: internal bloating of the lower abdomen that is aggravated by beer, bread, pasta, sweets, or juices. Another good clue (90% probability) is when one reacts adversely to taking vitamins orally. To this, add a high sensitivity to yeast and fungi or products containing them, like yeast, yeast breads, beer, mushrooms, cheese, mustard, vinegar, and mold spores that will cause discomfort when in bathrooms, basements, areas with wet leaves, summer beach houses, etc. Of great seriousness is the subgroup with severe intolerance to virtually all chemicals including food, drugs, and inhaled chemicals. One third of these suffering Multiple Chemical Sensitivities have been found to have low T-cells (a class of white cells in which are the helper and suppressor cells). Any and all the above symptoms, if present, may vary in degree and intensity. In addition to diagnosis by the above symptoms, on arising, obtain a glass of water and spit a mouthful of spit (quite a lot) in the water. Observe it for a while. If the sputum begins to grow legs or if it settles to the bottom, you likely have Candida. Do not take lightly indications of Candid overgrowth, but set up an effective anticandida program as suggested elsewhere in this paper. (Note: Good Housekeeping and Heloise have determined that regular vinegar kills molds at 90% and bacteria at 99.9% efficiency.) Persistent candidiasis/dysbiosis associated with Hg burden can compromise the absorption of aromatic amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, which are precursors to dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, respectively (Quig, unpublished observations). Additionally, tyrosine manufacture in the body can be interfered with and nearly shut down by exposure to certain herbicides, which are commonly used in agriculture, and often abused in lawn care. Exposure to any of these, or any other halogenated compounds, can really muck up our thyroid highways, and even give false-normal lab tests. Dioxin and thyroxine are chemical cousins, and dioxin can plug itself into receptor sites meant for the thyroid hormone and block the real thing, or worse yet, turn things off or to yet another function. Low tyrosine levels will mean low epinephrine neurotransmitters and low T4 hormone levels (hypothyroidism). There are 3-types of infection: Superficial (most common) - characterized by inflammation of tissue linings, i.e., skin, GI tract, pharynx, upper and lower respiratory tract; Locally invasivei.e., pneumonia, cystitis, and esophagitis, the most common being ulcerations of the intestinal, respiratory or genito-urinary tract; and Systemican invasive infection, characterized by lesions of the heart, kidneys, liver, spleen, lung, brain, and other organs. We have to hypothesize that Candida, in the moment it is attacked by the immunological system of the host or by a conventional antimycotic treatment, does not react in the usual, predicted way, but defends itself by transforming itself into ever-smaller and non-differentiated elements that maintain their fecundity intact to the point of hiding their presence both to the host organism and to possible diagnostic investigations. The Candidas behavior may be considered to be almost elastic: when favorable conditions exist, it thrives on an epithelium; as soon as the tissue reaction is engaged, it massively transforms itself into a form that is less productive but impervious to attackthe spore. Treatment of the latter (candida) with conventional synthetic antifungal agents often causes impairment of liver detoxification functions, and a decrease in synthesis of phospho-sulfotransferase, an enzyme necessary to cleave food proteins, e.g., casein, into smaller easily absorbable peptides.Dr. Hugh Fudenberg, MD. Thus, fungicides exacerbate the opioid problem, and increase the potential for toxicity in PST kids. Further, the first order of implementation is restoration of digestive function with betaine HCl, pancreatin, and bile acids as needed to replace the normal output of stomach acid, pancreatic fluid, and bile. There is growing evidence of the efficacy of re-inoculation with favorable species of Lactobacilli. Feeding of non-absorbed fermentable carbohydrate like fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin stimulates growth of the genera Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus. These forms of carbohydrate are found in onion, garlic, chicory, Jerusalem artichoke, and wheat. Long-chain Inulin can be selected to feed only the good bacteria while starving out the bad ones. Inulin, being non-digestible, reaches the colon where healthy Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli use it as food. This lowers the pH level in the colon, creating an unfavorable environment for unhealthy bacteria such as E.coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, and Clostridium. Insoluble fiber lowers yeast, Clostridia, Staphylococcus, and Proteus in stool cultures and lowers output of ammonia and phenols. Zinc deficiencies have been frequently noted in women suffering from Candidiasis (Michaud E & Feinstein A., Prevention Magazines 30-day immune power program. Rodale Press, Emmaus, Pa. 1989. p144). Another important consideration is Metabolic Typing based on the understanding that genetic inheritance defines metabolic individuality, and metabolic individuality defines nutritional requirements. This is why what works for one person, doesnt work for another with the same problem. There will never be one diet or nutritional approach for a given problem that works for all people. The essence of this article on candida overgrowth is the understanding that candida is not the problem. The problem is a compromised immune system that fails to control the candida. This is the reason that so many people fail to rid themselves of candida overgrowth. They limit their approach to trying to kill off the candida, but when the protocol is stopped, the candida overgrowth problem comes right back again, or it is replaced by equally damaging overgrowth of Clostridia or Klebsiella. The only real, final solution is to restore efficiency to the immune system, a task that can speeded through addressing individual nutritional requirements through defining ones Metabolic Type. Metabolic Typing provides a scientific means of identifying individual nutritional requirements based on the determination of the individuals metabolic type. Once the metabolic type is determined, a diet and supplementation program can be recommended to meet individual nutritional requirements, thus providing an ideal means of restoring proper biochemical balance. There are several things to consider in a state of candidiasis: a) The inflammatory response must be treated; b) Lactobacillus count needs to be increased in order to keep Candida in check; c) The immune system needs strengthening, which decreases adherence ability; d) Antibiotics, steroids, and other immune-suppressing drugs, along with simple carbohydrate foods (eat foods with a low Glycemic Index Rating) should be avoided; e) Digestive secretions should be increased; f) Nutrient deficiencies should be reversed; g) Liver function should be optimized to increase ability to filter toxins; h) Mercury and other heavy metals must be removed. Caprylic Acid is a naturally occurring fatty acid. It is readily absorbed in the intestines. Standard dosage is 1,000 to 2,000 mgs with meals, and it is totally lethal to candida. It is available over the counter and appears to be equal to Nystatin in effectiveness. However, it is not known to produce the sensitivity side-effects of the Nystatin drugs. Of the caprylic acid products on the market, CAPRYSTATIN, KAPRICIDIN-A and ORITHRUSH, when used together, appear to be the most effective by virtue of their capacity to address the entire digestive tract. These three products are available from Ultra Life / Synergistics, P.O. Box 440, Carlyle, IL 62231, (800) 654-8191 or (618) 594-7711, or Email: info@ullife.com. A most interesting version of Caprylic Acid is Caprol (www.wholeapproach.com), containing liquid caprylic acid (3600 mg per oz) and oleic acids. It is a broad-spectrum, anti-fungal agent against Candida albicans and other fungi. The Japanese Niigata University School of Medicine stated, The fungicidal effect of caprylic acid on Candida Albicans was exceedingly powerful...Caprylic acid exhibits the most remarkable fungistatic and fungicidal properties of all normal saturated fatty acids with even numbered carbon atoms studied. Two decades later, a Canadian, Andrew Gutauskas, B.S. Pharmacy, discovered that the benefits of caprylic acid are further enhanced when its transit through the intestinal tract is slowed. Caprylic acid must exert its fungicidal effect in the intestinal tract or not at all. The longer it can react the better. Unfortunately, caprylic acid is a substance that is normally quite rapidly absorbed by the intestinal tract and routed directly to the liver where it is quickly metabolized. For this reason, the quite powerful caprylic acid has little anti-Candida effect, both intestinally and systemically. This fact, however, is significantly altered if its absorption can be slowed, allowing it to remain in the intestine for a longer period of time in order to complete its fungicidal mission. In this program, caprylic acid acquires its needed sustained-release properties from gel, formed by the mixture of Caprol, colon cleansers, and water. This thick gel traps the caprylic acid and slows its transit through the colon. In this gelled state, caprylic acid does not escape into the liver and no adverse reactions to this gelled form of caprylic acid have been reported, even among individuals who previously reacted to other caprylic acid products. Oleic acid, the second acid ingredient in Caprol, is found naturally in olive oil. It, too, has significant CRC battling effects. Candida Albicans can convert, or mutate, into a disruptive mycelial form with root-like tentacles that allow the new harmful fungi to penetrate the mucosa (or lining) of the intestinal wall and enter the blood stream. From there, the fungi easily gain access to other parts of the body. Oleic acid follows the mycelial, root-like tentacles of Candida Albicans to the base of the root and kills it there. Oleic acid also hinders any additional conversion of Candida Albicans yeast into its mycelial fungal form. This program is a bit expensive, but after a month or two, one could change to a less costly method of containing the Candida, like Yeast Avenger and probiotics. The reason for sure failure of treatment is the misunderstanding of how important it is to remove these sugars and starches from the diet. It is important to remember that sugars are sugars, whether from natural sources or cane sugar. Antifungal drugs will not be successful without removing sugars from the diet. This includes all sweetened drinks & sodas, fruits and fruit drinks, corn syrups, and other high sugar (high glycemic) containing products. Studies have emphasized the fact that Candida ferments and rapidly proliferates in the presence of simple sugars. Not only is this the case, but research has shown that sugars dramatically increase the ability of Candida to adhere to epithelial mucosa cells and may be one of the most important factor in the chronic states of gastrointestinal Candidiasis (Saltarelli). Further, sugar kills the controlling bacteria Lactobacillus Acidophilus. Complex carbohydrates/polysaccharides (starches) and even disaccharides (sucrose - table sugar, lactose (milk sugar), sometimes fructose (fruit sugar), et al, can pass far down the gastrointestinal tract before they are broken down into glucose molecules and absorbed. Ninety-five percent of African-Americans cannot tolerate lactose, and many others lack the enzyme (lactase) to break down lactose into glucose and galactose. Intact, this sugar is broken down in the intestines by bacteria, and the results are gas, bloating, and intestinal distress. Candida supposedly resides and proliferates far down the gastrointestinal tract, but lacking HCl, they will move up into the small intestine. Complex sugars and polysaccharides can therefore be made available to Candida throughout the gastrointestinal tract (Chan). High protein diets and elimination of sugars and concentrated starch will help avoid this. Small amounts of lactose from fermented sources may actually be helpful for it establishes the slightly acid state preferred by the Acidophilus. Thus, in regard to questions about Ambrotose, Candida cannot use long-chain carbohydrates directly, and the sugars of Ambrotose are not broken down into glucose. Studies with Ambrotose showed phagocytosis (ingestion) of Candida by macrophages was enhanced and the kill rate was increased from approximately 6% to 95%Stanley S. and Doris L. Lefkowitz, Ph.D.s., Proceedings of Fisher Institute for Medical Research, Vol. 1, No. 2, February 1999. Additionally, concerning glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine (NAGone of the conditionally essential sugars found in Ambrotose): numerous studies have shown that glucosamine, a derivative of chitin from fungal cells, has the ability to prevent the binding of Candida to epithelial mucosa cells (Saltarelli). It has also been suggested to directly aid in restoration of the mucosa. The New Ambrotose AO in vegetable capsules contain twice as much Ambrotose Complex (no fillers, thus no rice content) PhytAloe (Phytonutrients from mature, vine-ripened vegetables, also sold separately), and a synergistic blend of antioxidants [Mtech AO Blend of Mixed tocopherols, Quercetin, Resveratrol (from grape skins), green tea polyphenols, and whole-food vitamin C and flavons (from Australian Bush Plum grown by Aborigines). The plum has 50 times the vitamin C of citrus fruits. The whole plum is used, thus it has all its valued nutrients including the entire vitamin C molecule with accompanying flavons, not just ascorbic acid]. Ambrotose AO is 100% whole food! The best antioxidant supplement of 91 tested provided approximately 5375 ORACo activity units from labeled dose (most supplied far less, partly due to oxidation in storage), but the Mtech AO Blend found in 2 capsules of Ambrotose AO guarantees 17,250 units! Normally, one will not need additional vitamins E and C, nor will Pycnogenol, grapeseed extract, or any other antioxidant be needed other than minerals, such as selenium. This should cut costs significantly. Additionally, all this added value (the Antioxidant blend with twice the Ambrotose Complex plus 1/6th capsule of PhytAloe) for only $7.80 more than for a bottle of Ambrotose! The 240-capsule bottles are priced so there is no increase in monthly cost! For the seriously ill, I recommend that an additional amount of Ambrotose Bulk Powder be taken with two or more capsules of Ambrotose AO. For comparison, tests show that adding five additional servings of fruits and vegetables, for a total of 10 servings providing double the potential antioxidant power, increased serum antioxidant capacity an average of only 13%, but the Mtech AO Blend found in two capsules of Ambrotose AO increased serum antioxidant levels 37%! In the referenced test (McBride 1999b), James Joseph also found that rats fed a specific combination of high ORAC substances exhibited brain cells that were twice as responsive as those of unsupplemented rats (based on a series of neurological tests), and that in aging rodents, the compound enhanced memory-associated neuronal signaling and general brain activity. Another powerful anti-fungal is iodine (in higher doses, it seems to be anti-viral also), but it is much weaker and milder than chloride as an anti-fungal. Its reduction below the RDAs may well be a cause of a higher rate of fungal infections like schizophrenia, asthma, IBD, arthritis, lupus, etc. Modern day dietary reduction of table salt with iodine is a negative factor. Do the iodine test, and restore iodine to normal level. To restore needed chloride without the sodium of table salt, consider magnesium chloride or potassium chloride. Supplement HCl with each meal to improve digestion and immune function, and to drive candida back into the area normal to them. Pasteur and others found that lethal strains of bacteria could be rendered harmless if other benign bacteria were given simultaneously. High intake of Lactobacillus Acidophilus GG [20 billion count, as supplied by Culturelle (Klaire Laboratories), available from VRP at 775-884-1300 (and from Kirkman) but said to contain 15 PPM casein, or Pro-Culture Gold (Kirkman Labs), guaranteed casein free], or Theralac [www.theralac.com, (800) 926-2961] is sometimes an effective way to replace these, and can be one means of controlling the Clostridia family of bacteria (as well as the candida), some of which are unaffected by broad spectrum antibiotics! These good bacteria work primarily by exclusion and by environmental changes in the gut creating a favorable lactic-acid, living space for themselves. Other bacteria and candida prefer alkaline. Unfortunately, the acidophilus usually convert lactose from milk, and without milk they cannot do their thing. To reestablish these, one must provide some source of lactic acid. There is another way, provide Fructose Oligosaccharides (FOS), and the Lactobacillus will use it to make lactic acid. Another way to encourage recolonization found very effective by Dr. David Williams (Alternatives Newsletter) is the use of Lactic Acid Yeast wafers (Standard Process Laboratories, available from your health practitioner) containing a blend of ingredients including a mycelium type of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) that converts all forms of carbohydrate into lactic acid. According to Dr. Williams, these wafers are effective in controlling diarrhea. We have seen elsewhere that some have an excess of lactic acid in the blood, so this should be used in that case with consent of your health practitioner. Further, it includes active Bakers Yeast, and some believe that is a negative when fighting candida. According to Dr. Kurt W. Donsbach, who has successfully treated candida at his clinic for many years, eating yeast is not a problem. It may well be a positive way to restore balance when taken with a good probiotic, but again consult with your practitioner. I am informed that it includes corn. Dan! Doctors prefer Saccharomyces Boulardii to provide the lactic acid. The majority of celiac, IBD, Ulcerative Colitis, Crohns sufferers have unusually high anti-Saccharomyces Cervisaie Antibodies. In essence, that means they are very allergic to bakers/brewers yeast. (The same yeast that is used to produce HepB antibodies for the vaccine.) They also have high antibodies to transglutaminases. These are also common fungal enzymes produced by many species, including Candida, Saccharomyces, and Aspergillus. Soil-based organisms (SBO) found in Natures Biotics (800-713-3888) have given tremendous benefits including a supply of GLA, and activation of nearly all the immune defense systems, specifically the activation of three antibodies: IgM, IgG, and IgA that are highly effective against fungi, harmful viruses, and bacterial pathogens. It stimulates not less than 16 of the 20 types of alpha-interferon, and the production of the powerful systemic antioxidant enzyme SOD. The enzymatic activity of SOD increases the efficiency of energy production within the cells, allowing them to nourish and repair themselves at a more efficient and effective rate. There are very few food sources for SOD, so this is a valuable attribute of SBO, Spirulina, and sitosterols as found in Mannatechs PLUS and SPORT. Taking probiotics on an empty stomach, with a little bicarbonate of soda water (1/4 teaspoon in 4 oz of water), will help them make the journey safely. The Bifido Bifidus should also be supplemented when concerned with candida. The Theralac mentioned above provides both Acidophilus and Bifidus. Use of a digestive enzyme can greatly improve overall results. Next time Flagyl is suggested, use L. Acidophilus, SBO, and enzymes, and skip the fluoride and the side effects (nausea, headaches, disorientation, and a metallic taste in the mouth). Fluorides are cumulative toxins. Approximately one-half remains in the body! One study of fluoride in drugs found that fluorinated steroid was more detrimental to IQ than the nonfluorinated steroid; in particular reading comprehension; arithmetic calculation, and short-term working memory deficits were greater. New research from the Harvard Medical School has discovered that fluoride accumulates in brain tissue where it can damage the central nervous system. Flagyl will likely exchange a Clostridium overgrowth for a candida overgrowth. I realize that such drugs are occasionally necessary, but I am concerned by a reported 85% increase is drugs for children in the last five years. There has been a six-fold increase in drugs like Prevacid, Nexium, and Prilosec for upset stomach. These largely stop digestion! Only 30% of drugs being prescribed for children have been tested and approved for children! Dont turn to drugs first. They should be the last resort. Symptoms of die-off (including lethargy, fever, craving sweets, increased stimming, diarrhea, rash, irritability, gas, bloating, headache, nausea, vomiting, and stuffiness) usually last up to 7 days. After that time, the change in the child can be rather dramatic. If the die-off does not end in 10-14 days, it is generally a reason to change choice of anti-fungal. If the treatment is successful, usually eye contact improves. The children seem more tuned in and less foggy. Parents report that after the yeast is under control, the frequency of inappropriate noises, teeth grinding, biting, hitting, hyperness, stimming, and aggressive behavior decrease. The children no longer act almost drunk by being silly and laughing inappropriately. It is interesting to note recent research that shows that babies normally get their first gulp of Mothers bacteria as they travel down the birth canal. Normally, this has meant a dose of Lactobacillus and Bifido bacteria that stake out the first claim to the gut environment, and the babys developing the immune system accepts these early invaders. Modern medicine is altering this. For babies born by cesarean section, the first gut inhabitants are common hospital bacteria such as Streptococci and Clostridia, and this may make it very hard to get them displaced later. Additionally, Mothers with autoimmune diseases may themselves not have the right balance of bacteria in their gut, birth canals, and milk, and this may affect their children adversely. According to Dr. Hulda Clark, Clostridium is the tumor-making bacteria that supply the DNA, the toxic amines, and also isopropyl alcohol, which will eventually contribute to malignancy. The net results of Strep infection are depletion of vitamin K, decreased glutathione, decreased sulfhydryl protein levels, overstimulation of the immune system, increased TNF alpha (that triggers Tourettes syndrome, facial tics, OCD, and Schizophrenia), potential autoimmune responses, and inflammatory reactions against the GAGs in the GI tract. A Second Scenario The stomach does not produce enough hydrochloric acid (HCl) and pepsin to breakdown the proteins in the stomach. Additionally, reduced HCl cannot activate the enzyme protease that is necessary to complete protein digestion. Other stomach hormones are reduced or lacking, and harmful bacteria are allowed to enter the gut with the food. The chyme leaving the stomach is not acid enough to trigger the secretin release. Digestion is greatly hindered for want of pancreatic enzymes (including peptidase), and the person so afflicted lacks the nutrients of protein, vitamins A, C, E, B-complex, and most of the minerals, all of which depend on HCl to be digested and assimilated effectively. One symptom may be Vitiligo. The lack of pancreatic enzymes, including peptidase, leads to peptides of casein and gluten passing into the blood stream and to the brain, creating many of the autistic symptoms including a 30% incidence of epilepsy. A small help is to choose supplements in the citrate, gluconate, orotate, or aspartate forms that will be utilized even in absence of HCl. Magnesium citrate, the magnesium salt of citric acid, is somewhat laxative. Additionally,in most cases, citric acid in our country is made from corn, and such citric acid contains processed, free glutamic acid (MSG). Additionally, aspartate will breakdown the ammonia that is sometimes a problem with autistic children. It is also vital to the synthesis of glycoprotein that is essential to cell-to-cell communication and proper immune function. Being one of two main excitatory amino acids, an excess is found in Epilepsy and ALS (Lou Gehrigs disease). It enhances immunoglobulin production and antibody formation. A deficiency is seen in calcium and magnesium shortages. A low level of aspartate should lead to a test of calcium and magnesium status. In protein, aspartic acid exists mainly in the form of its amide, Asparagine. Among the biochemicals that are synthesized from aspartic acid are asparagine, arginine, methionine, threonine, isoleucine, and several nucleotides. Aspartic acid performs an important role in the urea cycle. Glutamate and aspartate are also very important in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle), from which most of the energy is produced by metabolism. Their reaction in this pathway is by what is called the malate-aspartate shuttle for the transportation of energy into the mitochondria. One of its metabolites is a precursor of the pyrimidines. Clinically, aspartic acid may be used to treat fatigue or depression. Its effect on the thymus gland lets it be used as a mild immunostimulant. It should be noted that both glutamate and aspartate are potential excitotoxins. Autistic children are typically lacking in lysine. This would tend to cause them to be deficient in glutathione and in carnitine, an essential amino acid. That is, the body cannot manufacture lysine. It must be supplied in adequate amounts in the foods. Some is likely used as lysine, but most is rapidly converted to carnitine. Now, here is a real clue, Carnitine is the fireman that pumps fats into the mitochondrial boiler to form energy. If one is short of carnitine, and this can be tested for, there will likely be excess cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood for they are not being used for energy. A lack of lysine will reduce the ability to concentrate, and it will produce chronic tiredness, fatigue, nausea, dizziness, and anemia. Antibody formation will usually be reduced. Insufficient intake leads to poor appetite, decreased in body weight, anemia, and enzyme disorders. It is used therapeutically to enhance growth of children, and to assist gastric function and appetite. It is now realized that lysine is one of the most important factors in preventing cancer cells from spreading in the body. There was a 7-fold range of need observed in only 55 people! This is given to be from 400 mg to 2800 mg a day for adults. The need is cited as 12 mg/kg of body weight. First class protein supplies 50 mg per gram. For an adult to get 2000 mg a day, he would need to eat 40 grams of protein. Excess will tend to excessive ammonia buildup. Some do not convert lysine to carnitine. Dr. Leon Chaitow says that is due to malnutrition, most likely a lack of vitamins B6, C, and niacin. These are needed to make the conversion. It is of interest to note that the body can make carnitine from methionine, tryptophan, and threonine. Bland mentions genetic inability to convert lysine and methionine to carnitine. Should this prove true, I would suggest a supplement of carnitine would be in order to provide necessary energy and lower cholesterol and triglycerides. The major foods that are high in lysine, low in arginine are fish, chicken, beef, lamb, milk, cheese, beans, Brewers yeast, and mung bean sprouts. Most fruits and vegetables are higher in lysine too. Limit high arginine, low lysine foods: gelatin, chocolate, carob, coconut, oats, whole-wheat and white flour, peanuts, soybeans, peas, and wheat germ. So, in summary, to increase Carnitine, if it is low, feed the high lysine foods and supplement lysine modestly and supplement vitamins C, B6, and niacin. If this isnt successful, then supplement carnitine to raise needed energy levels and reduce blood fats, and then press your doctor for an answer as to why lysine is not converting to carnitine. The presentation of autism is sometimes linked to ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency, the most common urea cycle defect. Damage to this enzyme can occur with exposure to mercury. A low level of OTC leads to states of hyperammonemia, seizures, and stroke, critical issues in states of epilepsy and autism. The often spacy, confused behavior, brain fog, that is frequently observed in these disorders may be attributed to states of hyperammonemia as ammonia reaches the brain. This behavior may be attenuated with bicarbonate of soda, Ca/Mg butyrate, or phenyl butyrate in doses spread throughout the day. Children with mild or moderate urea cycle enzyme deficiencies may not show symptoms until early childhood, or the symptoms may go unheeded. This childhood onset can be seen in both boys and girls. Symptoms include hyperactive behavior, sometimes accompanied by screaming and self-injurious behavior, agitation or irritability, and refusal to eat meat or other high-protein foods. Later symptoms include vomiting, lethargy, delirium, seizures, and finally, if the condition is undiagnosed and untreated, coma and death. Childhood episodes of high ammonia (hyperammonemia) may be brought on by viral illnesses, including chickenpox, or even exhaustion. There is likely to be an ammonia smell to the urine. Protease digestive enzymes may relieve the burden. The condition is often misdiagnosed as Reyes syndrome. The lack of HCl causes the environment of the gut to be greatly changed, inviting overgrowth of candida yeast that produces a multitude of adverse symptoms. One of the characteristics of some severe fungal infections is that the patient never gets a cold. We hear, He is the healthiest person in the family. We know fungi provide protection from bacterial infections; however, when yeast is killed off without reestablishing proper flora, bacterial infestations are quick to take over. Bacterial overgrowth, such as citrobacter fruendii (that destroys the mucus lining of the gut), is also a result of this lack of HCl. Another nearly impossible to kill bacterium is Klebsiella Pneumoniae. Here is one successful way to beat them. Dr. Amy Holmes, Baton Rouge, Louisiana says, I finally was able to completely rid Mikey of the ever-present Klebsiella Pneumoniae. It had been 4-plus in each and every stool culture for at least the last 3 years, despite throwing everything reasonable, both antibiotics and natural substances, at it. I finally realized that nothing was able to get at this bug because of its heavy LPS coat, so I uncoated it with bismuth subsalicylate, and killed it with PO Neomycin. I used Neomycin 250 mg/bismuth subsalicylate 50 mg capsulesa compounding pharmacist must make these. It can be made as an oral suspension too. The dose is 1 capsule three times a day for 10 days. We are celebrating its defeat. Mike went through a period of apparent die-off for about a week, but has now gotten over that. His progress has been astounding lately. See my Electronic Book Self-help to Good Health, Chapter Candidiasis. This paragraph may be set in a sidebar. Great Smokies Diagnostic Labs does a stool test to determine what bacteria are present, and the natural substance to which they are susceptible. These are the substances that may overcome these bugs: Lauricidin, Berberine, amphotericin B, Oil of Oregano, Plant Tannins, Uva-Ursi, and Tanalbit (3 caps per meal). [Intensive Nutrition Products, 1-510-632-2370, Oil of Oregano (2 drops AM meal/2 drops PM meal in juice, or 2 drops under the tongue. Capsules are available that can be used simultaneously, 800-769-7873]. Nystatin is a polyene antibiotic produced by the bacteria Streptomyces noursei. When given by mouth, it is not absorbed to any significant extent and remains in the intestine. This keeps the drug where it is needed and minimizes any systemic effects. The usual dose schedule is one to two million units a day, either as a single dose or in divided doses. Doses of up to 10 million units a day, or more, may be needed initially to eliminate yeast. Maintenance doses of one or two million units a day for in excess of a year are common. Please ensure that it is not formulated in a sugar base that feeds the candida! Side effects are limited to nausea and gastrointestinal upset, usually only seen at doses over 5 million units daily, however, die-off reactions may cause regression, nausea, rash, vomiting, or diarrhea that may last for a week to ten days. Since it is not absorbed, the yellow color of the drug will modify the stool color, which may alarm some parents if they are not forewarned. Nystatin and other treatments will work best if an anti-yeast diet is followed. Principally this means to eliminate all fermented foods and anything with vinegar or barley malt in them. Eliminate all simple sugars, high Glycemic Indexed foods, and fruit juices. Amphotericin B is more effective and less allergenic than Oregano, and all aromatic oils place an extra demand on Phase I liver enzymes that is undesirable for most autistic. Nystatin and Amphotericin B seem to work well in combination.. For most children Nystatin is ineffective, and Candida, like bacteria with antibiotics, has become resistant to Nystatin (and other antifungals). Oral Amphotericin B is said to be safe, and about four times as effective as Nystatin. Like Nystatin, it is said to stay in the gut. For systemic invasions, injections are necessary. Injections, however, come with a long list of possible side effects, including aplastic anemia, that would indicate it is preferable only to use it orally. Be aware, however, that it depletes potassium and magnesium, both vital minerals already in short supply. It may be best to use the natural things first. It is available from Wellness Health and Pharmaceuticals (800-227-2627) and College Pharmacy (800-855-9538). Some use the herb Una Del Gato (Cats Claw) to fight candida and other parasites. This is dangerous for long term use, for it is toxic to the liver and to peripheral mononuclear blood cells. It also inhibits cytochrome p450 (Phase I) liver enzymes causing unnatural and dangerous retention of the toxins of the candida die-off! Additionally, long-term use would also cause a buildup to possibly poisonous levels of several classes of drugs and body toxins, and of substances like fatty acids, body alcohols, prostaglandins, steroids, estrogens, retinoic acid, and glycine. It also destroys the gut lining creating a condition favorable to leaky gut syndrome. Should you choose to use it, buy only the TOA free product that is being effective against Lyme disease. Some drugs also inhibit Phase I. For example, certain H2-blockers (cimetidine), macrolide antibiotics, and SSRIs can bind to the reactive site of one or more of the Phase I detoxification enzymes and competitively inhibit their activity. Almost all remedies lose effectiveness in time and must be alternated, however, goat yogurt and hydrogen peroxide therapy (H2O2) seem to continue effectively. Perhaps an easier way is to periodically use colostrum (Kirkman Labs Colostrum Gold is casein freeothers may not be), or whey, if you can tolerate it. (Whey must be undenatured. There are two I know of, Immunocal that may not be readily available, and is very expensive, and The Ultimate Whey by Next Nutrition, Inc., www.designerprotein.com, that is available at most health food stores, or may be ordered from Nutrition Express 800-338-7979.) These provide lactoferrin that deprives these bacteria of the iron they need to replicate, and it contains a peptide, lactoferricin, that is bactericidal against E.coli, Klebsiella, pseudomonas, Proteus, Yersinia, Staphylococcus, Listeria, and other bacterial species. Lactoferrin also kills viruses, fungi (Candida), and certain tumor cells. Recent research in N.Z. is very exciting When injected into bone, lactoferrin was found to inhibit the formation of cells that resorb bone and stimulate the cells that form bone. In any case, use of these natural aids will protect the good guys unlike antibiotics that destroy everything including the gut. Whey, because of its cystine content, may be undesirable where there is a sulfoxidation problem. Virtually all bacteria, except for Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria, require iron for growth. The liver produces lactoferrin, an iron chelator, when challenged by infectious agents. Animals protect themselves from infection by making chemicals that bind iron so that the microbes cannot use it. These iron-binding proteins, called lactoferrin, are concentrated in human milk and are found inside human white blood cells. The high lactoferrin in human milk protects breast-fed infants against intestinal infection. Pure lactoferrin is now available in capsules or as a major component of Colostrum, and has proved to be very useful for the prevention and treatment of intestinal infection, without side effects. It inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria and protozoa by starving them for iron, while improving iron absorption by the human host. It is recommended that travelers and other people who cannot control the cleanliness of their food supply take one thousand milligrams of lactoferrin at bedtime and the artemisinin-berberine herbal mixture after meals. Lactoferrin is the transporter for iron, and if you are low in lactoferrin, you will suffer from iron-created free radicals following behind the traveling, free-iron particles for the iron has not been encapsulated within lactoferrin for safe delivery to cells. This can be very damaging, and it is one aspect of the excess iron problem. Colostrum and its derivatives are the only antimicrobials that make the claim of differentiating between friendly bacteria and pathogenic bacteria. The difference is in the way iron is required. Pathogens require free iron to proliferate, but friendly bacteria do not require iron. Lactoferrin, from bovine colostrum, is showing surprising results. It binds free iron, denying it to bacteria so they cannot freely multiply. It also enhances Natural Killer Cell function and glutathione production. Colostrum and whey have high levels of lactoferrin that kills candida very well (Email: Dr. Darryl See). Only vitamin A, monolaurin, and lactoferrin inhibited the growth of Cytomegalovirus (CMV). Lactoferrin and immunoglobulins, prevent colonization of the gut by pathogenic enterobacteria (Ann Pediatr Paris 1993; 40(1):13-22). The majority of antibodies and immunoglobulins in Colostrum are not absorbed, but remain in the intestinal tract where they attack these pathogens before they can penetrate the bodys defenses. The Proline Rich Antibodies (PRP) in colostrum have the same ability to regulate activity of the immune system as does the hormones of the Thymus gland. It activates an underactive immune system helping it move into action against disease-causing organisms. PRP also suppresses an overactive immune system, such as is seen in autoimmune diseases. PRP is highly anti-inflammatory and also appears to act on T-cell precursors to produce helper T-cells and suppresser T-cellsDrs. Staroscik, Molecular Immunology. Before using Lactoferrin, check RBC ferritin and iron (Fe) levels carefullyPatricia Kane, Ph. D. A major difference between formula and mothers milk is the presence of oligosaccharides in breast milk. Breast milk contains six of the monosaccharides present in the glyconutritional supplement that was used in this study that are known to be important in cellular functioning. The eight are fucose, sialic acid, galactose, mannose, N-acetyl glucosamine, N-acetyl galactosamine, xylose, and glucose. Colostrum contains the antibody immunoglobulin A (IgA) and five of the six monosaccharides found in human milk (the exception being mannose). IgA comprises 70-80% of all human antibodies. There are also other important immune system agents in breast milk, including cytokines, human-milk-fat globule, and phosphorylated glycoproteins, protectin, lactoferrin, and glycosphingolipids. These components have been shown to be important in brain developmentDr. Kathryn Dykman, MD. The results of a Polish study shows that New Zealand Black (NZB) mice treated for a prolonged period with bovine lactoferrin (BLF) exhibit a decreased frequency of positive Coombs reaction. [A Coombs test is performed to detect the presence of antibodies against red blood cells. The test is used to support the diagnosis of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IHA)]. The data indicated that lactoferrin may be of therapeutical value in treatment of autoimmune disorders. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1995, 43:3-4, 207-9 From the above, we may have been overlooking a more successful way to overcome gut pathogens and to possibly inhibit the autoimmune reactions of autism. To restore L-Acidophilus, those on a milk-free diet need to use the Lactic Acid Yeast Wafers from Standard Process Labs (may contain corn) available from your medical practitioner or on-line, or the yeast, S. Boulardii, that will convert any carbohydrate to lactic acid. S. Boulardii may be preferred for those on casein free diet. Lactobacilli will live only in a lactic acid environment. Yersinia is the name of a genus of bacteria, of which Yersinia pestis (bubonic plague) is the most well known. In addition, there are several other species of Yersinia that can and do infect humans. One of the troubling aspects of Yersinia infections is that the immune response to them is severely impaired. Apparently, one of the ways that Yersinia does this is to hide in macrophages (a type of white cell which, in the blood stream, is called a monocyte) and then to suppress thyroid function, interact with the normal inflammatory response to cause it not to work correctly, and to alter the ability of the blood/brain barrier allowing foreign material, bacteria, etc. to get in there. When the Yersinia infected cells are found in the gut, they contribute to malabsorption of gluten (breads) and cause colitisSusan J. Leclair, Ph.D., CLS(NCA). Uva-Ursi is normally used for lower, urinary-tract infections (bladder and urethra) and as a mild diuretic. Cranberry juice (not drink) is very effective in clearing urinary infection, and Kirkman has an extract that is highly concentrated. D-mannose is also highly effective. Candida infection of female organs and bladder can be readily controlled by either a boric acid suppository (98% success rate), or by filling the cavity with yogurt! Some are using Uva-Ursi for dysbiosis. It probably should not be used by children for it may damage the liver, nor should it be used for prolong periods, or in high doses. Use it only under a doctors supervision. Dr. Susan Lark, MD, suggests that women applying estriol cream daily for two weeks will likely stop the infection for good. This will usually get rid of any unwanted facial hair that has appeared. The above named remedies do not treat systemic candida, however, and it may require Diflucan, Sporanox or Lamisil for that purpose. Please note that Diflucan is fluoride based, and it is best to avoid it if possible. The medicines prescribed should all be anti-fungal, i.e., nor-nicotine and nicotine (very limited usage), along with the nutrients vitamins B1 through B6 (especially nicotinic acid (niacin - that is strongly antifungal), potassium, lithium, iodine, sulfates and sulfur (MSM, Epsom salts), and iron. Soda breads (pancakes, waffles, crackers, and biscuits) are said to be helpful, but you must not use sugars with them. Glyconutrients containing 11 polysaccharides have been found to enhance phagocytosis of candida, and killing of candida was 95% greater than in controls (Fisher Institute for Medical Research Proceedings, November 1997). Those with candida have been shown to have significant deficiencies of vitamins B1, B6, and magnesium. Some of the vitamins, especially vitamin B12, are best supplemented by sublingual tablets, or in their coenzyme forms. Unfortunately, sublinguals often contain dyes and sweeteners you may find unsuitable. There are liquid vitamins that can be sprayed into the mouth and held there. You may want to check their suitability. Using these sublingually will supply the needed help regardless of digestive problems. Remove all yeast and raw vegetables from the diet, and boil all vegetables in salt (NaCl) waterdrain, and cook normally. This will remove all bacteria and fungi the childs body is not yet able to handle. Supplement HCl, as suggested elsewhere, to provide an additional barrier and enhance digestion. Also avoid the strongly pro-fungal pill binder, lactose (milk sugar), and milk products, and the chlorophylls. All forms of stress must be avoided for that produces cortisol and other steroids that feed the fungi. Heavy or even modest physical workouts must be avoided because they generate lactic acids at a rate that the body cannot handle. If this cannot be avoided, then Mannatechs Sport and EmPact have been shown to give rapid recovery from lactic-acid overload. A most appealing way to rid the body of candida is the use of an inexpensive, transient, spore-forming, soil bacteria that are nontoxic, nonpathogenic, and has an extremely antagonistic effect on Candida Albicans. It is believed to actually feed selectively on candida, coexisting with Bifido-bacteria and L. Acidophilus that the formula also supplies. It is called Bacillus Laterosporus BOD, and can be obtained as Yeast Avenger from www.cfsn.com [888-801-2376, outside USA (503) 590-9519]. DAN! doctors sometimes use S. Boulardii for the same purpose. You may be able to control the rate of die-off by how much you take, and can avoid reinfestation immediately, as often occurs when quitting drugs, by continuing a small amount periodically. An interesting idea is to use these bacteria as a challenge test. If you experience no die-off symptoms, then you likely do not have candida overgrowth. These should be coupled with Culturelle (Klaire), or Pro-culture Gold (Kirkman) 20 billion count L. Acidophilus. Die-off of yeast can produce severe regression in all autistic symptoms, explosive diarrhea, severe diaper rash, lethargy, fever, bloating, nausea, vomiting, eczema, aching, headache, stuffiness, seizures, and an intense craving for sweets. To quickly relieve these intense cravings, mix a quarter teaspoon of sea salt in a cup of warm water and drink it down. Obviously, this is by stimulating the adrenals to release glycogen from the liver. This would speak of the need to support the adrenals as outlined elsewhere in this paper. The amino acid glutamine (250 to 500 mg up to three times daily) and the mineral chromium (200 mcg), supplemented regularly, will also reduce cravings for sweets and starches caused by hypoglycemia by stabilizing delivery of sugar to the brain. Additionally, with adequate chromium (a good source is Brewers yeast), the body doesnt produce as much insulin, reducing chance of hypoglycemia. To quickly break an irresistible craving, open the capsule of glutamine and place it under the tongue. Another suggestion: mix a teaspoon of baking soda into a glass of warm water and rinse the mouth for a few seconds. Drinking it may relieve the other symptoms listed, or use Alka-Seltzer Gold (sodium/potassium) to relieve die-off. To overcome chocolate cravings, sip a cup of ginger tea. It contains the same chemicals, but not the calories. The cravings for sweets and creamy foods that are high in fat may be triggered by a deficiency of zinc. Taking up to 30 mg zinc daily, over time, will help reduce these cravings. One will likely never be free of candida until five things are occur: 1) eliminate mercury and other toxins interfering with energy pathways, 2) eliminate excess systemic alkalinitythese individuals exhibit a sodium-potassium ratio of less then 2.3:1, indicative of adrenal burnout, induced hyper-alkalinity, and an impaired immune system, 3) restore deficient HCl and bile secretionsthese shortages lead to an excessively alkaline gut, to poor digestion of proteins, to poor assimilation of most minerals and vitamins, and to poor digestion of fats that creates fatty acid imbalances leading to amino acid imbalances, and 4) restore biochemical energy production (mitochondrial function)the energy pathways require optimal amounts of copper, iron, manganese, potassium, magnesium, carnitine, alpha lipoic acid, NADH, and CoQ10, (see the Section Healing the Leaky Gut), 5) Correct carbohydrate intolerancesstress causes a rapid depletion of zinc and of the bio-unavailability of copper resulting in a severe derangement of glucose metabolism. Poor absorption of carbohydrates in the intestines creates fermentation by gut organisms. This, as well as sugar in the diet, actually makes children drunk, and some have the smell of alcohol on their breath. This causes hypoglycemia, insulin resistance, and a proliferation of yeast in the gut. This is a quotation from Dr. Shaws book Biological Treatments for Autism and PDD: Many of the yeast byproducts are acids, and release of the acids that are absorbed into the body may cause a condition called metabolic acidosis. An extremely simple therapy is to supply a mild antidote that neutralizes the excess acids. The most convenient product is a nonprescription drug called Alka-Seltzer Gold. Do not use any other kind of Alka-Seltzer. Alka-Seltzer Gold is simply a very safe product (sodium and potassium bicarbonate) that helps to neutralize excess acids of any kind. The dose for children is on the label. Do not exceed the number of recommended doses. One mother wrote, It worked so well for both of my children that the die-off was an uneventful experience, even though they both had very high levels of yeast. The restoring of acid/alkaline balance also relieves many allergies. In any case, it should take no longer than six months to rid the body of all parasites. If it has been longer, you are probably not being aggressive enough, or you are not using a proper protocol. It will likely be necessary to make three or more tests for parasites since shedding of the eggs tends to be cyclical, and may not show in a single test. In any case, it is unlikely to detect the parasites that inhabit the upper intestine. Most parasites, except giardia and amoeba, will elevate levels of the white-blood-cell eosinophil (EOS) that is produced in response to allergens and infections. Giardia Lamblia is usually associated with food intolerances, gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea, and fatigue, but severe hypothyroidism may be a result. A published study of 96 patients with chronic fatigue demonstrated active Giardia infection in 46%. Giardia infection was found in about half of a group of two hundred patients with chronic diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, and bloatingLeo Galland. Giardia is often accompanied by candida. It is imperative you take aggressive action to rid the body of parasites and heavy metals. With them will go many autism symptoms. This additional information from Dr. Shaw: Most of the abnormal microbial products found in urine testing are almost surely from yeast and/or fungi in the gastrointestinal tract, since they decline following the use of an antifungal drug, Nystatin. Many autistic children have a background of frequent infections (especially middle ear infection), which are treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics (even though the ear infections are usually of viral originWSL). Some children may have elevated yeast metabolites after only a singular antibiotic exposure. Over 700 articles in the medical literature document antibiotic stimulation of yeast growth. Since both early onset and high frequency of ear infection are associated with greater severity of autism, a yeast connection seems worthwhile to evaluate. Autism is usually a regression. This regression is often associated with thrush and/or frequent antibiotic use. Dr. Shaws laboratory has biochemically documented the yeast die-off or Herxheimer reaction that follows the initial use of antifungal drugs. During the first three days of antifungal use, values for these microbial metabolites increase dramatically, and begin to normalize near day four. Die-off usually lasts about 7-14 days, and after that time, the change in the child can be rather dramatic. Parents report that after the yeast is under control the frequency of inappropriate noises, teeth grinding, biting, hitting, hyperactivity, and aggressive behavior decrease. The child no longer acts almost drunk by being silly and laughing inappropriately. If the die-off does not end in 14-17 days, it is generally a reason to change ones choice of anti-fungal. Additional reasons for teeth grinding may be parasites and too many apples/juice (feeding candida). All the mainstream medical textbooks talk about how people with hormone imbalances due to pituitary problems get yeast. Mercury causes pituitary problems. (In fact, heavy metals like lead, mercury, and cadmium as well as pesticides and chemicals in plastics we daily use are hormone disruptorsWSL.) As if that isnt enough, yeast is controlled by neutrophils generating oxygen radicals, and mercury prevents your neutrophils from generating oxygen radicals. (Mercury inhibits macrophage and neutrophil defense against candida by its effects on Th1 and Th2 cytokinesWSL). So, it seems reasonable that mercury toxicity causes yeast problems. The fact that lots of adults with intractable yeast problems have them suddenly go away, without special treatment, once they start mercury detoxification supports the view that mercury causes yeast. So, if you are mercury toxic, you have a high chance of having a yeast problem, and the yeast will cause its own symptoms. You can reduce those symptoms modestly if you treat the yeast, but you will never really get better until you treat the mercuryand once you do that, you can stop treating the yeast because your body will be able to keep it in checkAndy Cutler. When candida has become fungal and entered the bloodstream (Candidiasis), it is an extremely serious problem that is best controlled by hydrogen-peroxide infusions. Done properly in a clinic setting, the allergies can be disappearing in five to ten days, and the yeast can be gone in 21 to 28 days. A palatable oral form of hydrogen peroxide is available from the health food store under Dr. Donsbachs brand, SuperOxy Plus. In addition to having estrogenic effects, mercury has other documented hormonal effects including lowered levels of neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, and suppressed thyroid function. Some of the effect on depression is also related to mercurys effect of reducing the level of posterior pituitary hormone (oxytocin) and depressing the thyroid. The concentrations of mercury in the pituitary and thyroid glands are much higher than found in the kidney, brain, or liver in humans. Copperheads An inordinate number of children with autism have an excess of copper stored in tissues. Women tend to have copper levels 1/3 higher than men, making them more susceptible to copper toxicity. This is because The Pill often has copper in it and IUDs are copper. At one laboratory, it is reported that more than 50% of all hair samples show a copper imbalance. This copper is unbound with protein (ceruloplasmin), and thus, unavailable for normal uses, including its use as an antifungal to fight candida. Most copper is bound to ceruloplasmin, but MT proteins can serve as a temporary storage site in the presence of excessive amounts of copper. Once the MT proteins bind copper, they are unable to bind zinc and become disabled. Dr. Wm. Walsh reports that only 10% of copper is normally unbound, but in children with autism, this often runs as high as 40% unbound! Unbound copper, like unbound iron, is a disaster of free radical damage, calling for the best antioxidant combination that you can find, Ambrotose AO! We have measured serum copper, serum ceruloplasmin, and plasma zinc for more than 2,000 of our 3,300 autistic patients. More than 95% exhibit a copper overload that usually is quite extreme. In autism, the problem with copper is overload, not deficiency. Weve measured the blood levels after treatment in thousands of these patients, and the copper elevations are slow to correct, even with aggressive zinc therapy. Copper supervision in the body occurs in intestinal mucosa through the action of metallothionein. Since the MT system is AWOL in autism, its not surprising that copper overload is prevalent in ASD. We believe the best way to correct this serious metal metabolism problem is to normalize MT levels in intestinal mucosa and the blood-brain barrier. Email from Dr. Wm. Walsh, December 14, 2003. In one long-term study, the U.S. Army found that the immunized group had depressed serum iron and elevated serum copper. When inflammation rises, iron levels fall and copper levels rise. Inflammation is the cause of almost all chronic conditions, including Autism. Aggressively address all infection and inflammation. CLO is an effective way as is the use of a bromelain supplement. These Copperheads have very active minds, but the excess copper causes GI disturbances, impaired protein metabolismcausing a weakness of protein structures by interfering with the cross-linking process (one effect being breakage or leakage of capillaries that may cause small strokes and/or a dangerous aneurysm in vein or arteryalso a symptom of too little copper), salivation, acne, a metallic taste, dizziness, headacheincluding migraine, loss of appetite (underweight), no desire for the zinc of red meat (yet an inordinate desire for chocolate, avocados, soy, or carob that are very high in copper), anxiety, various female difficulties, severe fatigueeven after adequate rest, detachment from reality termed spaciness, alternating moods, panic, fearfulness, schizophrenia, phobias, and weakness. Excess copper also raises sodium and lowers potassium and manganese tissue levels. Excess copper, by displacing zinc and manganese, is often associated with thyroid and pancreatic dysfunction. Pro-oxidant copper ions affect glutathione distribution in several ways. Jaundice and high bilirubin levels are signs of copper toxicity, as is earaches and ear infections. Some people with high copper dislike all protein. They crave high-carbohydrate diets, and dont like water. Copper-toxic individuals may be drawn to sweets or salty foods due to adrenal insufficiency. Some sea salt is often beneficial. Sweets, including fruit juices, provide a temporary lift, but may worsen the condition. Protein feels heavy, or causes other symptoms. Eating protein stimulates glandular activity that releases stored copper, which causes the symptoms. These individuals usually need to eat protein. The taste for meat often returns when copper is brought into better balance. Additionally, copper imbalance (both excess and deficiency) can contribute to heavy metal poisoning by slowing the rate of metabolism (slowing the thyroid), reducing the bodys ability to detoxify heavy metals. Severe cases cause hypertension, liver damage, kidney failure, and death. In schizophrenia, there is found increased levels of copper and mercury and reduced levels of zinc, magnesium, and calcium that are known to be inhibited by heavy metals and to affect neurotransmitter levels. Citrus fruit increases intestinal absorption of copper, and monosodium glutamate (MSG) binds and transports it, however, large amounts of vitamin C, with vitamin B6 and zinc, will remove the excess copper from the brain. These should be combined with manganese in a 3:1 zinc/copper ratio, as a prolonged zinc therapy can result in manganese deficiency. These supplements will favorably influence the emotional and psychological symptoms listed. Before undertaking this, one should have a hair test to determine the zinc/copper status. However, caution is urged in the interpretation, as animal studies show that reduced dietary zinc leads at first to low zinc levels in the hair, but when zinc depletion continues, values seem to return to the normal range, presumably because reduced hair growth resulting from impaired protein synthesis leads to a compensating increase in concentrations of zinc and other elements in such hair when it grows. Dr. Wm. Walsh in an Email stated, I learned that extremely elevated sulfur in a hair analysis is a tell-tale sign of an improper sample, cross-contamination, or some other factor which results in crazy, meaningless values. The first element I look for in a hair analysis is sulfur. If the values are extremely high or low, I dont waste my time studying any of the data. Its usually worthless. Another telltale sign of a worthless analysis is very high levels of chromium, nickel, strontium, and iron in the same sample. A surprisingly high percentage of hair analysis results are meaningless, usually because an improper sample was submitted to the lab. It takes a lot of experience to spot the bad ones. Bob Smith of Great Smokies Lab is probably the best person in the world at identifying contaminated samples. Major contributing factors to this excess copper is the use of birth-control pills (depletes zinc, magnesium, and vitamin B6), copper intra-uterine devices, antibiotic therapy, stress, candida overgrowth, and strict vegetarian and refined food diets that are deficient in zinc. Certain food dyes and colorings have a high hydrazine content that causes zinc depletion. Excess copper can be from swimming pools and Jacuzzis using copper sulfate for algae control. Foods rich in copper include nuts, soy, avocado, chocolate, and carob. Persons with the Cu/Zn chemical imbalance need to be vigilant in limiting sources of copper. When dumping copper (when stress and or estrogen levels are high), there will be increased levels of insomnia and depression, skin rashes, anxiety, fatigue, headache (usually migraine), digestive disorders, abdominal bloating, and a flare-up of a wide variety of chronic conditions listed above, such as hypoglycemia and candida yeast overgrowth, including vaginal yeast infections. A hallmark is the feeling that no one understands them. These reactions usually last a couple of days, and then subside to their chronic levels again. Redness or red tints to the hair is also an indicator of a copperhead. Additionally, high estrogen levels from high intake of soy, flax, or other sources increases levels of a protein called thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) that binds to thyroid hormone in the blood, preventing it from entering cells! The Pill, HRT, pesticides, cadmium, and other sources of estrogen are producing hypothyroidism! (Dr. Whitakers Health and Healing, Sept 2003). Estrogen causes calories to be turned into fat, and the fat cells then produce more estrogen. So, when symptoms of hypothyroidism are present, high estrogen levels could be the cause. To counter this effect of estrogen, topical progesterone is recommended. Low progesterone in women between the ages of 30 and 50 may lead to autoimmune hypothyroidism, or Hashimotos disease, as a consequence of immune stimulation by the dominant estrogen. Stress may have the same effect on mitochondria. To improve mitochondrial function, supplement N-acetylcarnitine, CoQ10, and Alpha Lipoic Acid. This improves liver and gall bladder function also. (Dr. Raphael Kellman, Sept 2004 Life Extension). There has been a lot of controversy over estrogen replacement causing breast cancer, stroke, and, cardiovascular disease. Dr. Jonathan Wright reports that a recently published study showed that real human progesterone and estrogen didnt cause any of these problems, and horse estrogen didnt either. When it comes to breast and vascular problems estrogen isnt dangerous, progestin (Provera, Prempro) is! Dr. Schmitt says that, in his opinion, rashes are a sign of excessive copper working itself out of the system. Unavailable, excess copper is one of the normal clinical findings for people with candida infections. The problems may not be due to copper toxicity, but rather with its interference with the absorption and distribution of other metals such as iron (which cannot be absorbed without available copperfortifying iron will not help, but will actually make the anemia worse) and zinc. The distressing symptoms of copper toxicity are often due to both dietary and stress-induced zinc deficiency, not an excess of copper. Adrenal insufficiency prevents synthesis of ceruloplasmin, necessary to utilization of copper (and many of these kids are adrenal deficient). When unbound with ceruloplasmin, copper begins to accumulate in tissues and organs. It is the zn/cu ratio that counts. The ideal zinc-copper ratio is 8:1. If below 6:1 (hair), one should consider the above symptoms to be copper toxicity. The principal reason for copper toxicity is adrenal insufficiency (in 70 to 80%) resulting largely from stress, leading to a deficiency of zinc, sodium, manganese, pantothenic acid, inositol, folic acid, rutin, and vitamins A, B1, B6, C, and E. The adrenals are strengthened and copper absorption and utilization are increased by supplementing adrenal glandular, molybdenum, iron, sulfur, niacin, inositol (as Inositol Hexaniacinate), choline, and the above listed nutrients, including extra biotin and PABA. Additionally, lead and mercury interfere with the synthesis of ceruloplasmin and ferritin contributing to copper toxicity. It is important to learn to cope with stress in order to spare the adrenals and to reduce the loss of zinc. Supplementing 200 mcg of chromium has been shown to reduce cortisol levels by 47%! Magnesium, vitamin C, and pantothenic acid further reduce this deadly hormone. A 45-minute massage (backrub?) showed a similar reduction. The practice of a relaxation-meditation exercise would be similarly effective. Maintaining a positive expectation would work, as would strong religious faith, and an expectation of sustaining help from the Lord. This will reduce loss of zinc, and help to prevent the buildup of excessive copper in tissues. Supplement the diet with 20 mg zinc daily, and with up to 60 mg of zinc during any acute, disease state or other severe stress, along with the other supplements mentioned. Where the excess copper is non-bioavailable, it may be necessary to supplement a small amount of copper to enable the body to produce the ceruloplasmin that is necessary to the bioavailability of copper. Copper deficiency predisposes to molybdenum excess. Significantly elevated moly is unusual, and some toxic effects are due to displacement of copper or inactivation of copper enzymes. If suffering from high copper levels, avoid high copper foods: soy, avocado, chocolate, nuts, and seeds, and all things that raise copper tissue levels such as copper IUDs, birth control pills, antibiotics, and foods with high content of phytoestrogens (soy and flax). Some children do a lot more stimming when using soy. Unfortunately, copper sulfate is added to some city water supplies, and to swimming pools, as a fungicide. Unfortunately, also, the Mother may transmit her copper/zinc imbalances to her unborn child. Excess copper depletes zinc and vitamins B6 and C, and a zinc deficiency results in impaired absorption of folic acid and also hinders the liver from releasing vitamin A. The best way to overcome copper toxicity is to rebuild the adrenals, as listed above, and to supplement significantly vitamins B6 and C, and zinc. Large amounts of these will excrete the copper. Unless tests show the copper to be extremely high, our purpose is not so much to excrete it, but to make it bio-available so the body can use it rather than store it. Attempts to reduce copper levels will likely precipitate a copper dump and a flare up of symptoms including depression. One already suffering depression should attempt to lower copper levels only under a Doctors guidance. These symptoms signal a beneficial elimination of excess copper, and are indications of a healing process, and though uncomfortable, should be welcomed. Some, however, cannot tolerate the symptoms, and should reduce the amounts of the supplements, or should skip a day or two and begin again at lower amounts, or should take the supplements only once a day. Do whatever is necessary to reduce the uncomfortable symptoms to bearable levels, but do not cease the program if you desire to regain optimal health. Sometimes, one will feel really good for a few days before the dump, with its discomfort and changing moods, hits. When the dump occurs, the individual will begin to feel hopeless, and will often go off their supplement program. This is a very grave mistake. While these symptoms may appear to be related to the supplement program, as often as not, they are caused by stress or a coming menstrual period. Any stress, physical or emotional, results in a necessary increase in metabolic rate. This frequently results in a dump of excess copper into the blood. Since an increase in ones metabolic rate will cause a flare-up in symptoms, it becomes desirable to temporarily slow ones rate of metabolism. This is accomplished by increasing ones calcium intake, which also avoids a copper-induced calcium deficiency. One should also increase dietary fat intake 25-30% using Evening Primrose oil, cod-liver oil, salad oils, cooking oils, and where permissible, dairy products. Slowing ones rate of metabolism is definitely of value in reducing the symptoms associated with copper toxicity. When the symptoms are once again under control, it is time to resume the original nutritional program. To slow the metabolism indefinitely, especially through a high intake of dairy, would result in increased storage of copper and a likely weight gain. How does this all manifest in autism? Copper toxicity is associated with symptoms of mind racing (commonly seen in ADHD) due to enhanced activity of the neurotransmitters epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin resulting in inability to stop thoughts. Elsewhere in this paper, see how to reduce these transmitters. Common problems will be loss of appetite, failure to eat protein, failure to thrive, insomnia, getting up in the middle of the night jumping and stimulating the metabolism, resistance to drinking water, and headache. This constant, self-stimulation is to enhance the metabolic rate by stimulating the burned-out adrenals. They are tired, and yet will compulsively do anything to stimulate the adrenals and make themselves feel more normal. This stimming raises the blood sugar, and may allow them to get back to sleep eventually. This activity further drains the adrenals, however, leading to complete adrenal exhaustion unless something is done to support the adrenals. Copper and mercury being elevated usually means not enough bile and glutathione are being made by the liver. One of the roles of bile is to help excretion of toxins and metals, but fiber in the gut is needed to bind the bile leading to excretion rather than reabsorption, so a low fiber diet hinders this process. Taking milk thistle extract, taurine, glycine, and ensuring adequate fiber intake can improve the situation. pH The acid/alkaline balance is one of the most overlooked aspects of health, though Gary Null and others have written much about it. In general, the American public is heavily acid, excepting vegetarians. A too-acid system speeds enzyme activity. Children with autism often are heavily alkaline. A too-alkaline system slows enzymes to a crawl. Minerals have different pH levels at which they can be assimilated into the body. Sodium and magnesium have wide pH assimilation ranges. It narrows somewhat for calcium and potassium, and narrows more for manganese and iron, and yet more for zinc and copper, which are HIGH up on the atomic scale, requiring NEAR PERFECT pH for assimilation into the body. Iodine, as you may know, is one of the most important minerals for proper functioning of the thyroid, but the thyroid doesnt get access to iodine unless the body pH is near perfect! Obviously, a less than optimum pH will predispose to a deficiency of iodine, zinc, and copper. These three are critical for thyroid function. Additionally, the environment is so heavily polluted with chlorine, fluorine, and bromine compounds, all in the same family (halogens), and a lot more chemically active than iodine - the functional component of thyroid hormone. These elements are known to interfere with the receptor sites at the cell level where real thyroid hormone plugs in, and they trigger autoimmune diseases in the body. In the latter, the immune system recognizes the foreign element as not quite right and attacks. Unfortunately, the immune system can neither destroy nor eliminate the wrong halogen, so the attack continues, eventually destroying the gland itself. Fluoride destroys iodine, creating a deficiency of this vital mineral. Additionally, certain brassica (cruciferous) plants and fruits: Bok Choy (Chinese Cabbage), Collard Greens, Kale, Mustard Greens, Spinach, Turnip Greens, Broccoli, Brussel Sprouts, Cauliflower, Cabbage, Rutabaga, Peaches, and Strawberries are often referred to as containing Goitrogens, and one is often cautioned not to eat them, at least if a sluggish thyroid is suspected. This may be bad advice for it narrows the food choices and eliminates some of our most valuable and nourishing foods. How do they suppress the thyroid? They deplete the iodine stores. So, rather than avoiding these valuable foods, just do what is needed in the first place, supplement iodine. Additionally, an adequate intake of iodine will heavily chelate bromine and fluoride, restoring thyroid function and inhibiting bacteria and viral infections. Do the iodine test periodically to ensure the iodine stores are adequate. Additionally, cooking eliminates the goitrogenshttp://oregonstate.edu/dept/hort/233/toxic.htm. These vegetables supply Indole 3 Carbinol (I3C) that provides two powerful phytonutrients, Sulphoraphanes and glucosinolates that enhance the livers ability to break down estrogens. I3C appears to work on sensitive tissues of breast, colon, lung, rectum, and elsewhere giving a protective effect against cancer of these vital tissues (Bradlow, 1994, and Wong, 1997). To overcome the effects of goitrogens in the food chain amounts of Iodine used in Japan would be necessary. Hormone & Metabolic Res 1995, 27:450-454. Abraham describes a Graves, exopthalmic female with undetectable TSH, elevated T3, T4, and free T4. Started on 1200 mg Magnesium for one month, which calmed her, improved sleep, reduced burning, irritated eyes and lacrimation, and reduced palpitations then started on 12.5 mg elemental iodine. All findings normalized in a month. We have just read Kane on the need of carbonates to acidify the system. Elevated citric (due to the glutathione deficiency) with low 2-oxo-gluteric (in urine tests) would affect oxygen getting into the cells. You can compensate by getting some carbon dioxide by using a rebreather mask, and by taking bicarbonates between meals to increase CO2 as Kane has recommended. The carbon dioxide acidifies the blood, and helps the red blood cells release the oxygen to the cells. Supporting the thyroid helps the cells make more carbon dioxide, so that is something else to do. Obtain a packet of pH paper, and test the saliva and urine as indicated elsewhere in this paper. Dr. Cheney treats Chronic Fatigue (CFIDS) patients. Dr. Cheneys Oxygen Treatment By Carol Sieverling (slightly edited) Dr. Cheney prescribes oxygen for patients with alkaline venous blood. An hour of oxygen in the morning can provide half a day of significant improvement, and numerous benefits. He had seen alkaline blood results for years, but dismissed it as insignificant, based on medical school teaching. His growing suspicion that it was very significant was confirmed when a speaker at an international conference in London began a presentation by announcing, Ladies and gentlemen, Im here to tell you that CFS patients are alkalotic. Blood alkalosis inhibits the transport of oxygen to tissues and organs, constricts the blood vessels, and lowers overall circulating blood volume. The putative cause of the alkalosis is the glutathione deficiency that is pervasive in CFIDS (and autism). Low glutathione causes an elevation in citrate, which in turn lowers a substance (2,3 DPG) that controls the release of oxygen from hemoglobin. Our blood can be full of oxygen, but without enough of this substance, it cannot break free and get into the cells. This causes oxygen deprivation in the tissues (hypoxia), which makes the body switch over to anaerobic metabolism, which can be painful. This blood alkalosis is unusual in that Cheney usually sees venous blood pH values over 7.4 and urine pH values under 6.0. When both blood alkalosis and urine acidosis are seen, its a metabolic problem not a psychogenic reaction to a needle stick. A blood pH above 7.4 shows impairment, and above 7.5 there is significant impairment, and almost no oxygen transport at all. A urine organic acid test will also reveal this problem. Elevated citrate and/or low 2-oxo-glutaric are markers. The really terrible thing is the vicious cycle. The blood alkalosis further lowers the levels of 2,3 DPG (inhibiting the release of oxygen), causing tissue hypoxia, which then causes blood alkalosis, which lowers 2,3 DPG even furtherand around and around we go. (From this, I must assume that Autistic children must not use the citrate forms of minerals! WSL) The ultimate treatment for this situation is Immunocal or IMUPlus, the undenatured whey protein supplements that help restore glutathione, but some patients cannot afford them, and they do not work for all patients. An immediate solution to the oxygen transport problem is to use a partial rebreather mask set at 35 to 40% FIO2 (Fraction of Inspired Oxygen), which requires a flow rate of about 10 liters per minute. Do an hour a day, broken into one, two, or three sessions. You can do more than one hour a day, but do not do more than one hour at a time. Do not breathe heavily breathe normally. Most CFS patients have headaches, and this can help those headaches. If a prescription is written for headaches, insurance may cover it. One hour of oxygen a day can run $75 to $100 a month. Oxygen through nasal prongs will not work. Oxygen alone in a mask will not work. It has to be a partial rebreather mask, which has a bag attached. This allows you to rebreathe your expired carbon dioxide along with the oxygen that is flowing into the mask. It is important to the function of the rebreather that the bag contract and expand with the breathing cycle. Its not working properly otherwise. Breathing increased levels of both carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) at the same time is essential. The CO2 breaks the cycle. It corrects the alkalosis and frees the O2 in your blood to move into your cells. With proper functioning, vessels dilate and you start perfusing your brain and tissues, bringing out the toxins and bringing in the nutrients. Raising oxygen levels will also help kill off yeast and other pathogens. Lack of oxygen allows them to multiply. The speaker at the London conference sends his patients to breathing experts like Teresa Hale, who wrote Breathing Free. Most patients are walking around over breathing, and thus becoming more alkaline. Learning to under breathe can help increase oxygen perfusion and transport. Two problems can be seen in some patients on a rebreather mask. (1) Rapidly correcting blood alkalosis or overcorrecting (i.e., acidosis) can provoke vasodilation. If there is significant blood volume contraction some patients will become hypotensive and feel dizzy or faint. This problem can be prevented by taking oxygen lying down, and by expanding blood volume with an isotonic electrolyte drink such as Gookinaid ERG (Electrolyte Replacement with Glucose) (http://members.aol.com/Gookinaid) (1-800-283-6505). You can also address this problem by reducing the time spent on the mask rebreather. (2) Patients with a history of migraine may provoke a migraine in the moments just after going off the rebreather. Again, expanding blood volume and reducing the time of the rebreather can help this side effect. The ultimate treatment mentioned (whey) has little or no casein, but it can be dangerous to some with sulfation problems (PST), so several other ways to build glutathione are suggested herein. Use them rather than the expensive, time consuming breather mask or expensive, long term, hyperbaric oxygen. These both have value in short term, but do not cure the basic problem of alkalosis. To learn more about balancing the pH, see the Chapter Digestion and Utilization in my Electronic book, Self-help to Good Health, 34 Chapters, 535 pages, $24.95 US. More than 25 years ago, IAHP was the first to recognize that among the various adverse environmental conditions which affect the brain-injured child, the most important is chronically insufficient oxygen supply to the brain. In their experience, this is almost universally present to some degree in brain-injured children, although not ordinarily in obvious form. The shallow and erratic breathing patterns and small chests seen in the majority of our brain-injured children are primary indications that such subclinical, oxygen deficiency exists. Associated with oxygen insufficiency in various combinations are other adverse environmental factors contributing to seizures as well as other problems of the brain-injured child. Among these factors are: 1) blood sugar levels too low or unresponsive to the brains changing needs 2) nutritional imbalances or deficiencies, very common among children, most of whose diets are extremely poor both quantitatively and qualitatively, and 3) increases in pressure within the skull due to intake of liquids and water-retaining substances, such as salt, in amounts beyond the childs needs or capabilities for handling. Additionally, magnesium, vitamin B6, and dimethylglycine (DMG) all have strong anti-seizure properties, and can be effective even when other anti-seizure medications fail. The deficiency of vitamin B1 has also been reported as a cause of epileptic seizures. Magnesium is an essential cofactor in the conversion of thiamine into active diphosphate and triphosphate esters. There have been reports of thiamine deficiency aggravated by magnesium depletion with refractory response to thiamine until magnesium was given. It seems plausible that magnesium depletion could provoke Wernicke's encephalopathy, possible by suboptimum thiamine phosphorylation. Pyridoxine (B6), too, is only phosphorylated into its coenzyme (P5P) in the presence of magnesium. Some 70% of the enzymes are dependent on magnesium. In a placebo-controlled study on prisoners with a history of impulsive/aggressive behavior, the group taking low amounts of lithium (10-15 mg twice a day) had a significant reduction in aggressive behavior and infractions involving violence. It also helps to raise white-blood-cell count and to protect against loss of white cells in chemotherapy and radiation. Lithium also tends to normalize thyroid function, particularly in Graves Disease. Researchers at Wayne State University (Detroit) found that high-dose lithium has the ability to both protect and renew brain cells (3% increase in gray matter in four weeks)! In Ischemic stroke (loss of blood flow), death of brain cells was reduced by 56%! Further, anticonvulsant medications cause abnormal levels of brain-cell death, but lithium significantly protects against this type of cell death. During the first week of magnesium deficiency, Substance P and CGRP are increased. The second week, histamine is increased, along with PgE2 (inflammatory), and TBAR molecules. The third week, cytokines IL-1, IL-6, TNF alpha are increased (Weglicki & Mak, 1994). The cytokines, IFN gamma, IL-2, 4, 5, 10, 12, and 13 are also increased in magnesium deficiency (Weglicki, 1996). I believe that these are all inflammatory! Clinical symptomology of magnesium deficiency is dominated by neuromuscular hyperexcitability (Rayssiguier, 1990; Durlach, 1997) exhibiting latent tetany (Durlach, 1997) and spasmophilia (muscle cramps and spasms) (Galland, 1991). Hyperarousal (Galland, 1991), with sensitivity to noise, bodily contact, and excitement (Langley, 1991; Goto, 1993) in the precipitation of neuromuscular hyperexcitability has been described in magnesium deficiency. Choreiform and athetoid movements can be produced by magnesium deficiency (Holvey,1972). Some tics may be forms of atypical latent tetany (Ploceniak, 1990). A chronic tissue magnesium deficit is found in HLA B35 individuals (a genetic type - Zeana, 1988; Henrotte, 1990; Durlach, 1997). A few clinical disorders that can be associated with magnesium deficiency are: migraine (Thomas, 1994), bruxism (Lehvila, 1974; Ploceniak, 1990), restless leg syndrome (Popoviciu, 1993; Hornyak, 1998), asthma (Fantidis, 1995), seizures (Galland, 1991; Goto, 1993), hearing loss, TIA (mini stroke - Galland, 1991), heart arrhythmia (Burtis, 1994), and mitral valve prolapse (MVP) associated with HLA B35 (Rybar, 1989). When there is current exposure, mercury binds to Hemoglobin in the red blood cell and will reduce the amount of oxygen that can be carried in the blooda major cause of fatigue. Mercury at a level of 1 part per ten million will actively destroy the membrane of red blood cells. Hyperbaric oxygen has been used with great results, but at great expense in time and money, and may be contraindicated due to oxidative damage where mercury toxicity is present. A simple way to increase oxygen in the cells is through addition of 2 drops of tasteless Cell Food (Edens Secret, 888-755-7715, 1 oz, $21.95) to water being drunk. Another that builds oxygen in the blood is OxyCharge (800-800-9119, 2-oz spray bottle, $29.95 plus shipping), a tasteless spray into the mouth. Each bottle will last about a month. I have seen these work in my grown son who was greatly anemic from multiple transfusions, and gasping for oxygen! It gave almost instant relief of breathlessness, even though deficient of red blood cells! The Cell Food supplies 78 trace, colloidal, ionic minerals, 34 enzymes, and 17 amino acids. Cell Food is used by many naturopaths and natural healers. Live Blood Analysis is a method of prescreening the blood that can be most revealing of a condition usually ignored. That is, the clumping of the blood. Blood clumps or sludges for several reasons. Platelets can become sticky. Red cells can fail to repel one another, especially following a high fat meal that lacks sufficient lipotrophic factors (chiefly lecithin, and vitamins B-complex, E, and C). It will show undigested carbohydrate particles circulating in the blood (signaling a need for digestive enzymes). It has been shown that when these clumped platelets, red cells, or undigested carbohydrate particles reach the small capillaries, they create a slowing or stoppage of blood flow robbing the cells in that area of necessary nutrients and waste removal. Additionally, a deficiency of glutathione tends to cause red cells to deform or burst, white cells decline in functional activity, and an alkaline condition of the blood ensues that constricts the blood vessels and reduces blood flow and oxygen transport. All this is evident by looking at one drop of blood under the electron microscope! Further, mercury binds to oxygen-carrying sites on hemoglobin reducing oxygenation of cells. All these causes of reduced oxygenation of cells lead to undesirable symptoms, many classed as autistic. Very low mercury concentrations block intestinal vitamin B6. Bind mercury by supplementing 50 mcg of selenium at each meal. Garlic, vitamins E and C, bromelain, and the flavonoids (with rutin) all thin the blood. Use these in preference to aspirin. Under high stress, it is reported that aspirin fails to affect the platelets. Recent studies by Dr. John Folts, Ph.D., who first touted aspirin, shows these nutrients reduced activity of platelets about 52%, the same as aspirin, without the side effects or failure of aspirin. If taking coumarin or other prescription for thinning the blood, consult with your doctor before adding these supplements. He can help wean you off the drug that has considerable side effects. Ginkgo Biloba effectively increases circulation and nutrient supply to the brain that is desperately needed by these children, however, because it enhances Phase I liver enzymes, it should be used for only a few weeks unless you are certain that Phase I needs to be enhanced. It should not be used at all by one with a lack of fatty acids or with the PST problem. St. Johns Wort enhances Phase I by 100%, and reduces effectiveness of blood thinners and The Pill as much as 40%. See my Electronic Book, Self-help to Good Health, Chapter titled Sludged Blood for additional details of how to improve circulation and oxygenation. While a large number suffer Thrombophilia (sludging of the blood), not a few suffer nosebleed. This is caused by a number of things: 1. Copper deficiency causes blood vessels fragility and can lead to aneurysms and stroke. This is a very serious condition that should not be overlooked. Closely related would be a zinc deficiency. 2. Vitamin K deficiency that prevents proper blood clotting. This has many ramifications spelled out in my post to www.yahoogroups.com/group/Williss dated 7/22/02. Look in the FILES section. 3. Calcium deficiency as a result of vitamin C deficiency. Actually, this is a symptom of Scurvy. 4. Vitamin B12 deficiency. This is likely with those on a vegan/vegetarian diet. A lack of vitamin B12 weakens blood vessels and causes easy bruising and possible nosebleed. 5. Low phosphorus levels, leading to mishandling of iron, possibly a result of mercury poisoning. 6. Formaldehyde poisoning. 7. Side effects of Cipro and possibly other drugs that mess with the above nutrients. As stated above, several things thin the blood. They are not the cause of bleeding, but could make it harder to stop the bleed. You might want to reduce vitamin E to 200 IU for the same reason. When you solve the cause, then you could consider increasing these again. Transfer Factor As previously indicated, bovine colostrum is very effective is helping the immune system destroy bacterial, viral, and fungal infections (including candida) in that it supplies large amounts of IgA and lactoferrin, and boosts the natural killer cell function and glutathione production, too, when sufficient substrates (the amino acids cysteine, glycine, and glutamine) are available. It has been used effectively in reducing inflammation in autoimmune conditions. It also increases Growth Hormone (hGH) that benefits the transport of amino acids into cells, and elevates the uptake of blood glucose, and causes greater utilization of fat for energy. It (hGH) also tends to increase muscle mass. Increased production of growth hormone greatly increases the need for EFAs. Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine have been able to demonstrate, for the first time, that children who face a greater risk for the illness, through family history of major depression, produce significantly less growth hormone than their normal peers when given growth hormone releasing hormone. This builds on their research from 1994 that discovered children and adolescents with acute episodes of major depression secrete less growth hormone during and after their illness. There is a product called Transfer Factor (TF) derived from colostrum in which the factors in colostrum that boost the immune systems ability to recognize and destroy antigens, foreign substances or bugs it has never been exposed to, is concentrated to about 100 to 1. This messenger molecule is not destroyed in the stomach as a protein antibody would be. Thus, the immunity of the cow, which contains many of the antibodies of the human, is transferred to the human. It is also said to be an immune modulator, boosting Natural Killer Cell function and activity significantly while either boosting or suppressing T-cell activity as needed. You may learn more about it, and purchase it from 4Life at: www.supercolostrum.com/colostrum/Information/information2.htm. There is a general Transfer Factor, and there are specific Transfer Factor products, (e.g., one where the source is infected with HHV-6 should enable the body to overcome a chronic infection by that virus.). There is a version of Transfer Factor from Chisolm Biological Laboratory that first used the chicken, and now the egg, as the source. Dr. Fudenbergs group did considerable work with this, I understand. While the 4Life Transfer Factor gives the wide exposure of the cow to the human, the Chisolm ImmunFactor gives the free-range exposure of the chicken, plus the chicken is then exposed to specific human antigens to produce eight combinations of Antigen Specific Transfer Factors. Thus, several select antigens such as various viruses and candida can be specifically targeted (www.chisolmbio.com or 800-664-1333). The need and benefit of such products is easy to understand when one recognizes most of these children are suffering with one or more low grade, chronic infections, and their immune system either does not recognize it, or does not have the antibodies sufficient to destroy it. Dr. Hugh H. Fudenberg has done the definitive work with TF in autism. An abstract of a study with autistic youngsters follows: Fudenberg, H. H. Dialysable lymphocyte extract (DLyE) in infantile onset autism: a pilot study. Biotherapy 1996;9(1-3):143-7. Immuno Therapeutics Research Foundation, Spartanburg, S.C., USA. Abstract: 40 autistic patients were studied. They ranged from 6 years to 15 years of age at entry. Twenty-two were cases of classical, infantile autism; whereas 18 lacked one or more clinical defects associated with infantile autismdubbed pseudo-autism. Of the 22 with classic autism, 21 responded to transfer factor (TF) treatment by gaining at least 2 points in symptom severity score average (SSSA); and 10 became normal in that they were mainstreamed in school, and clinical characteristics were fully normalized. Of the 18 remaining, 4 responded to TF, some to other therapies. After cessation of TF therapy, 5 in the autistic group and 3 of the pseudo-autistic group regressed, but they did not drop as low as baseline levels. PMID: 8993773, UI: 97146917. I understand that the product should be used for three or more months, and then to prevent regression, it should be pulsed (used for a few days) every three months. Negative Effects of Secretin Lets stop and think what secretin does to lipid (fat) metabolism. Autistic kids are universally deficient in the fatty acids. Secretin is a pro-oxidant hormone. The metabolic impact of Secretin is that it stimulates the arachidonic acid cascade (contraindicated in seizure disorders) and bicarbonate production, oxidizes or burns off (beta oxidizes) fatty acids (including both essential fats, insulating fatty acids, and very long-chain, fatty acids), increases the metabolism of bile acids, and, theoretically, may stimulate Cholecystokinin-B (CCK-B) that plays a neuromodulatory role in the regulation of GABAergic neuronal activity perhaps (theoretically) stimulating speech. When a child receives secretin over and over again without replenishing the lipids (fatty acids) and catalysts (vitamins and minerals), then the impact could ultimately be quite negative. On the other hand, children with autistic spectrum disorder tend to have a buildup of very-long-chain, fatty acids (VLCFA) indicative of suppressed, peroxisomal, beta-oxidation. Support for the thyroid, and supplementation of manganese, selenium, carnitine, and vitamin B2 stimulate beta-oxidation of fatty acids, but high carbohydrate meals stimulate insulin response and inhibit beta-oxidation. Characteristically, plasmalogen synthesis (any of various glycerophospholipids in which a fatty acid group is replaced by a fatty aldehyde group) and beta-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids are affected. Its been found that patients with generalized, peroxisomal disorders have a profound brain deficiency of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 n-3) and low DHA concentrations in all tissues and in the blood (is it any wonder since DHA has only been allowed in formula very recently). Supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) [22:6 (n-3)] ethyl ester (EE) (DHA-EE) normalized blood DHA values within a few weeks. Plasmalogen concentrations increased in erythrocytes in most patients and after DHA concentrations were normalized, amounts of VLCFAs decreased in plasma. Liver enzymes returned almost to normal in most cases. From a clinical viewpoint, most patients showed improvement in vision, liver function, muscle tone, and social contact. In three patients, normalization of brain myelin was detected by magnetic resonance imaging. In three others, myelination improved. In a seventh patient, myelination is progressing at a normal rate. Balancing these fatty acids can control brain performance! While characteristic alterations are varied, they classically involve elevations of AA/EPA/DHA and suppression of GLA/DGLA in autism; suppression of AA/DHA in Schizophrenia and bipolar; suppression of GLA/AA/EPA/DHA, and adrenic acid in ADHD; variable EFA instability (high or low AA/DHA) in depression; low Omega 6 (including AA) and elevated Omega 3 in Chronic fatigue syndrome. Curiously, DHA is a VLCFA. The use of secretin stimulates the burning off of these aberrant, excess lipids (VLCFAs) that irritate the brain (and many other systems of the body); thus, in that degree, secretin is of immediate benefit. The administration of secretin, DHEA, pregnenolone, or thyroid hormone stimulates the beta-oxidation (burning within the mitochondria for energy) of VLCFAs, as would nutrients (riboflavin, pyruvate, manganese) and oxidative therapies that stimulate oxidation, prostaglandin synthesis, and detoxification. Excess VLCFAs indicate a deficiency of cytochrome p450 (Phase I) liver enzymes, and pregnenolone increases Phase I activity by conserving existing Phase I enzymes. Milk thistle, Turmeric, ginger, Royal Jelly, Sheep Sorrel, and Pau D Arco enhance Phase I activity. Stimulating beta-oxidation, however, concurrently stimulates the burning off of all essential fatty acids (EFAs), as I said. These must be supplemented. Children with ASD most often present with alkalosis, low CO2/Bicarbonate, and low oxygen. The spacy, dreamy, lack of clarity state you observe in most autistic children is often associated with a low bicarbonate and disturbed electrolyte status. Insufficient oxygen in the brain can lead to a spacy, confused, non-alert quality also. Infusions of Secretin will correct the alkalosis that most children with ASD present, ultimately impacting their hyperammonemic states that may be stabilized with the increased bicarbonate production (bicarbonate released from the pancreas plus ammonia yields urea that can be excreted). Sulfur containing amino acids become ammonia and remain ammonia without adequate folic acid, B12, zinc, and molybdenum. Excess ammonia in the blood is associated with excess lysine. Elevated, systemic levels of ammonia are toxic, and possible symptoms include: protein intolerance, headaches (migraine), fatigue, irritability, diarrhea, and nausea. These may be episodic symptoms associated with high-protein meals. Chronically elevated ammonia in the CNS can result in decreased cognitive function, confusion; slurred speech, and blurred vision. Peroxisomes are organelles within cells that are pivotal in the biotransformation of endogenous compounds in lipid metabolism such as fatty acids, steroids, prostaglandins, the formation of myelin, neurotransmission, and detoxification of exogenous compounds and xenobiotics (phenols and other compounds discussed under the section PST). VLCFAs are fatty acids with 22 or more carbons. Normally, these are oxidized down to C20 or less by p450 oxidase enzymes in the peroxisome organelles in the liver. These C20s are then shuttled by carnitine into the mitochondria for further metabolism. However, mitochondria cannot metabolize VLCFAs, so, they then accumulate in the nerve cells where they have toxic effects. This is almost universally true in autistic children, but is also seen in Alzheimers patients, chronic fatigue, Zellwegers, and cardiovascular disease. The accumulation of VLCFAs [Docosahexaenoic (DHA), Docosapentaenoic w3, Behenic, Lignoceric, and Nervonic] inside the cell membrane represents defects in peroxisomal, beta-oxidation rather than a mitochondrial disturbance. This accumulation may be used to profile the deleterious effects upon the brain, endocrine, gastrointestinal, and immune systems, as well as the cytochrome P450 liver enzyme derangement involving nitric oxide synthase (NOS) characteristic in autistic spectrum disorder due to autoimmune presentation. Therefore, the toxic aspect so often described in autism may be defined clearly through examination of Red Blood Cell lipids with elevation of VLCFAs being a reflection of blocked detoxification mechanismsPatricia Kane. This would indicate an inhibited Phase I pathway and possibly hypothyroidism. Additionally, a recent study shows another disturbing aspect of this fatty acid imbalance on cell walls: Abstract: Red blood cell fatty acid compositions in a patient with autistic spectrum disorder: a characteristic abnormality in neurodevelopmental disorders? J. G. Bell, J. R. Sargent, D. R.Tocher, J. R. Dick Nutrition Group, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling UK Summary: The fatty acid compositions of red blood cell (RBC) phospholipids from a patient with autistic spectrum disorder had reduced percentages of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) compared to control samples. The percentage of HUFA in the RBC from the autistic patient was dramatically reduced (up to 70%) when the sample was stored for 6 weeks at (-) 20 degrees C. However, only minor HUFA reductions were recorded in control samples stored similarly, or when the autistic sample was stored at (-) 80 degrees C. A similar instability in RBC HUFA compositions upon storage at (-) 20 degrees C has been recorded in schizophrenic patients. In a number of other neurodevelopmental conditions, including ADHD and dyslexia, reduced concentrations of RBC HUFA have been recorded. Evidence suggests that the HUFA instability observed in a patient with ASD, and found in other neurodevelopmental disorders, may be caused by increased phospholipase activity, perhaps in conjunction with increased auto-oxidative stress. The evidence available suggests that autistic spectrum disorder involves an aberration in lipid metabolism that results in alterations in cell membrane phospholipid structure and function, and that these alterations are similar in a number of other neurodevelopmental disorders. The tryptophan metabolite, indole acroyl glycine (IAG), has been found in the urine of the majority of patients with ASD, and has also been identified in numerous other neurodevelopmental disorders. The precursor of IAG, indole acrylic acid, when added to cells in culture affects the cellular PUFA compositions and the production of PgE. Autism is said to often involve a demyelination of the myelin sheath of nerves, disrupting nerve transmission. Brain autoantibodies to both myelin basic protein (MBP) and neuron-axon filament protein have been found in autistic children who have about 8.3 times greater incidence of antibodies to MBP than control children. The perineuronal nets around neurons, which modulate their function, are primarily composed of chondroitin sulfate. Low sulfur would thus yield less modulation of neurons. Hepatitis B vaccine was found to inhibit sulfation chemistry for at least one week in typical people. When TNF (tumor necrosis factor) is elevated (frequently in autism), through interference with dioxygenase and sulfite oxidase, it can inhibit the conversion of cysteine to sulfate. This could be a contributing factor in PST. This can lead to decreased blood flow into the brain, a loss of Purkinje cells (often found on autopsy), alterations in neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, and possibly demyelination as found in multiple sclerosis (MS). TNF also competes with insulin at cell receptors, contributing to Insulin Resistance. Mercury and other heavy metals (such as lead) can cause progressive myelin degeneration with the development of antibodies to myelin basic protein (MBA) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Recent discovery of herpes virus-6 in the damaged areas of the brains of 73% of Multiple Sclerosis sufferers is indeed disturbing. The nervous system, once the insulation is stripped, can be likened to your home with bare wires inside the wallsa dangerous situation. In the body, symptoms may be many and varied: 1) tremors, shaking, palsy due to malfunction of nerve transmissions. 2) uncoordination in walking, writing, and other automatic physical movements, 3) slurred speech, 4) excessive salivation, 5) deterioration of memory and thinking processes, 6) blurred vision, 7) difficulty urinating, incontinence, 8) environmental sensitivity, allergic to smells, food, clothing, electrical equipment, 9) breathing problems, short of breath, 10) nervousness or nervous breakdown, 11) numbness and tingling in extremities, 12) heart problems/arrhythmias. Some have found Sphingolin most helpful (Ecological Formulas 800-888-4585). Vitamin B12 is often lacking, and it is essential to sheath formation. Additionally, nervonic acid, EFAs, and very-long- chained-fatty alcohols have clinically been shown to yield positive outcomes. These benefit the myelin sheath, increasing perception and response. Dr. Jeff Bradstreet, however, reports that children who took oral, myelin-basic protein (Sphingolin) seemed worse when they were infused with secretin. The Secretin burned off the fats (needed to make myelin and prostaglandins, both the insulating fats and the very long chain fats). It is a big no no to stimulate with peptides (Secretin) or with Sphingolin without fats! (Patricia Kane) If you choose to infuse, you must supplement generously with Evening Primrose oil (EPO); and always with fatty acids, you must supplement with the antioxidants vitamin C and vitamin E with selenium, preferably before beginning the EPO. A failure to do so may promote seizures, neurological disorders, and increased cancer risk due to increased free radical activity. Additionally, Dr. Woody McGinnis, MD, USA, has reported investigating two seizures that occurred during or immediately following secretin infusion. One was near fatal. Make sure the one infusing is ready for any emergency. It is probably inadvisable to infuse one who is subject to seizures. Dr. McGinnis tells of a doctor whose son started having seizures (not immediately, but delayed) after secretin. She found the urinary pH really alkalotic, gave him generous unbuffered vitamin C, and says the seizures abated. Perhaps, before infusion, one should check for an overly alkaline urine, and do so again after the infusion to anticipate and forestall any possible seizures. In the case of inadequate HCl production, infusion or transdermal supply of secretin may indeed help, but it does not fully address the most basic needthat of necessary digestion and utilization of food. The proper course for many seems not to be secretin infusion, but a supplementing of hydrochloric acid to the degree necessary to trigger release of the secretin so vital to proper digestion and hormonal response. In at least a minority of these children, the gut will be able to release adequate secretin. The supply of adequate acidity to the chyme would then Kick Start secretin production. One mother reports, Since I followed your suggestion, and supplemented HCl, my son has the same responses he had to his secretin infusion! Hydrochloric Acid May be a Solution In view of the above, I think it better to address the need for HCl first. Low HCl production is associated with many problems. Iron deficiency anemia, owing to poor iron absorption or to lead or cadmium poisoning, and osteoporosis, resulting in part from decreased calcium absorption, are two important problems. Lead depresses potassium, zinc, iron, and copper levels in the body, and causes excretion of calcium. The Cincinnati Health Department screened 3,337 children for lead poisoning in 2001. Of those, 3,139 had blood-lead levels lower than 10 micrograms/deciliter, the maximum amount the government considers safe; 161 had levels of 10-19; and 37 had levels over 20. A study by the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey showed that nearly 60 percent of four-to eight-year-olds consume too little calcium. When exposed to lead in the environment, these children may be faced with anemia, reduced IQ and learning difficulties as well as aggressive, violent, and anti-social behavior, reports the studys co-author, Dr. John Bogden. Tests have shown the highest lead levels correlate with the lowest calcium levels. Calcium binds lead and prevents its absorption. Similarly, selenium binds mercury and prevents its absorption. I suggest selenium be consumed with all fish to prevent mercury absorption. These two nutrients must be supplemented adequately to reduce heavy metals poisoning, however, as noted, the minerals require HCl for absorption and utilization. When deficient of minerals, the body will, in desperation, take up look-alikes- others from similar or same chemical families with similar outer orbitals. Without the real thing the final enzyme or hormone will not work correctly, creating more body dysfunction. Other toxic mineral elements that substitute or interfere with essentials and cause great bodily harm are: LEAD - which substitutes for calcium and interferes with magnesium and zinc; CADMIUM- 10 times more toxic than lead and found in cigarette smoke and welding, substitutes for zinc; and MERCURY - substitutes for selenium. Selenium is essential for an enzyme necessary for thyroid hormone production, as an antioxidant to help prevent cancer and aging, and to devitalize toxic substances. For every essential mineral, there is at least one toxic substitute. When the body gets enough of the real thing, it will release the toxic substances. Notes from a lecture by Dr. Garry Gordon, MD: You understand that if I gave you 1,000 mcg of selenium a day, that would be toxic, thats a really big dose.But what if it didnt increase your plasma or serum levels for one-week, two weeks, three weeks, four weeks? Ive done this with some cancer patients giving 4,000 mcg of selenium and it didnt go up, sometimes for six weeks! When it finally goes up, they can get symptoms, the nausea, the metallic taste, some Paresthesia, numbness, but during that time what was I doing?I was tying up every atom of mercury.We estimate there are about 40 million atoms of mercury in the average cell in your body.I was tying up every one of them into a lifelong marriage so that the mercury was not able depress glutathione synthesis, and I was therefore able to see results in treating my cancer patient who couldnt afford to take it all out. By giving selenium, you can virtually prevent mercury toxicity, so I dont have to treat a patient whos got a mouthful of mercury, and force them to spend $20,000 they dont have. If I mainly am focusing on saving their life, I will do it with selenium. Additionally, sweet potatoes contain something called phytochelatins that help bind harmful substances like copper, cadmium, mercury, and lead that most of us are exposed to on a regular basis from air pollution. The phytochelatins help pass these toxins out of the body. Heavy-metal overloads can effectively be treated using oral supplements of Ambrotose AO and PLUS by Mannatech, Inc., zinc, manganese, selenium, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), serine, melatonin, Cilantro, transdermal or oral glutathione, and vitamins B6, C, and E. The initial treatment must be gradual to avoid a sudden dumping of metal toxins from tissues, which could cause kidney damage and a worsening of symptoms. Incidentally, cilantro tones up digestion. General allergies and, specifically, food allergies are correlated with low HCl. Poor food breakdown and the leaky gut syndrome are associated with food allergies. More than half the people with gallstones show decreased HCl secretion compared with gallstone-free patients. Diabetics have lower HCl output, as do people with eczema, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, Vitiligo, and tooth and periodontal disease. With low stomach acid levels, there can be an increase in bacteria, yeasts, and parasites growing in the intestines, and an increase in allergies. Ironically, food allergies (particularly to milk and dairy) are one of the many causes of low stomach acid. For some, it is a vicious cycle of allergy lowering HCl, causing more allergies with resultant lower stomach acid. Zinc is critical to production of HCl, and thus its deficiency can be causal to all the above conditions. You may obtain Betaine Hydrochloride or Glutamic Hydrochloride, 10-grain capsules from the health food store. If allergic to beets, choose Glutamic Hydrochloride. If sensitive to sulfites [MSGChinese restaurant syndrome, or diagnosed as suffering from phenol-sulfotransferase deficiency (PST)], choose Betaine Hydrochloride. Glutamic acid hydrochloride is only mildly acidic, and does not work as well as betaine hydrochloride. Betaine may be used alone, in supplements, but preferably with pepsin and other digestive agents. A child should get good results with one to five, 10-grain capsules, adults with five to ten (a predominantly pasta meal would need less than a high protein one). Start with one, and increase gradually. For children who will not swallow a capsule, it may be mixed with the food, or mixed in a small amount of drink that will be consumed completely. Woodlands Healing Research Center reports an older autistic boy showed marked improvement in digestive function, and a dramatic reduction in agitation when the mother began mixing betaine hydrochloride with pepsin into meat, poultry, or other protein foods before meals. Low stomach acid can be corrected by eating a balanced diet of wholesome foods, and by reducing our daily levels of stress. Niacin stimulates HCl production. This can be taken before meals, as can potassium chloride and pyridoxal-5-phosphate (the active form of vitamin B6) to help stimulate the bodys own HCl output. Zinc is essential to HCl production. Drinking the juice of half a lemon squeezed in water or a teaspoon of apple cider vinegar in a glass of warm water 30 minutes before meals helps, and supplements taken during or after meals should be swallowed using the lemon or vinegar treated water. Use of Swedish Bitters or gentian has been helpful in improving digestion. We are talking acid here. One 10-grain tablet of HCl in 1-1/2 ounces of water will have a pH of about three. This is not nearly as strong as what you may have experienced when you burped, and the acid really burned your throat; but, when HCl is mixed with food, it must be swallowed right down without chewing. Do not leave this food in the mouth. It could damage the enamel on the teeth. Additional food should be eaten immediately to clear the throat. If mixed with a drink, drink it with a straw to protect the teeth. Rinse the mouth, and swallow to clear the throat. Try it yourself, Mama. You may be surprised to learn that a Coke is even more acid (2.8 pH)! As with all such matters pertaining to your childs health, consult with your medical professional. If the hydrochloric acid is sufficiently strong, and the gut is able to release secretin, and the pancreas is functioning, the use of an enteric-coated, alkaline tablet will not be needed to neutralize the acid in the intestine. The pancreas will normally release enough bicarbonate based on the strength of the secretin signal. The amount of secretin released is dependent on the amount of hydrochloric acid in the chyme entering the gut. Where HCl is adequate, but secretin is not being adequately produced, or the pancreas is not functioning well, the proteolytic enzymes may not be released; or, because of a lack of bicarbonate of soda, they will be destroyed by the acidity of the chyme. This can result in incomplete breakdown of proteins. These foreign protein molecules may be absorbed into the bloodstream, and circulated throughout the body. These peptides can cause all types of allergic (autoimmune responses) or toxic reactions, in particular those relating to breathing and skin irritation. Taking an alkalizing substance (an enteric coated pill) in that case, will neutralize the stomach acid in the gut, prevent the destruction of the proteolytic enzymes if any are available, and maintain an environment for the flora of the gut. If a tablet is not available, taking 1/2 teaspoon of bicarbonate of soda in a glass of water after the stomach begins emptying (about 2-1/2 hours after eating) can be just as effective. Without sodium being present glucose cannot be absorbed. Picture a revolving door in the wall of the gut with two segments. Without these two substances filling the segments, the door wont turn. Mercury causes excessive sodium excretion, as shown in studies of dental amalgam placed in monkeys and sheep (Lorscheider et al, 1995). This glass of soda will lift your spirits and sustain you in times of stress. Do not take any water, tea, or other nonfood drink with a meal or within two hours as that will dilute the HCl and hinder digestion. If you must drink water to take pills, put a tablespoon or more of lemon juice or apple cider vinegar in the water to help preserve stomach acidity. A convenient way to overcome gastric reflux that affects so many is to take the HCl with meals, or to drink a glass of warm water with one teaspoon of raw, unfiltered, apple-cider vinegar when you experience it. You may sweeten it with some honey if you must. As to the amount of acid in the capsules, you will not begin to administer as much as a normal stomach produces for an average adult meal (estimated to be equivalent to 30 capsules). It is the quantity as well as the degree of acidity that is important. Normal pH must be below three (preferably two) to convert pepsinogen into pepsin (needed to digest protein). It is often as low as one (the strongest acid). If there is burning or pain, or if the digestive distress experienced previously (bloating, belching, heartburn, reflux) becomes worse, discontinue the use of the hydrochloric acid. Sensitivity of the stomach to acid (especially a burning pain just below the sternum) may indicate an ulcer. However, it likely indicates the person is dehydrated, or using aspirin or NSAID for pain. Everyone should drink a large glass of water 30 minutes before eating. That will rehydrate the mucus lining of the stomach, and protect the stomach from the acid. If there seems to be adverse reactions other than pain or burning, an allergy to Betaine (beets) Hydrochloride may be the cause. Try Glutamic Hydrochloride instead. HCl production is controlled by the zinc-dependent enzyme, carbonic anhydrase. Toxins of bacterial overgrowth, gluten-casein peptides, metabolic acidosis, and lack of zinc all depress this enzyme. An inflamed, irritated gut present in autism will not absorb zinc well. You must supplement zinc, balance your zinc-copper ratio, and restore the proper body pH to restore HCl production. This pH can be improved by supplementing ionic calciumthat autistics are universally lacking. When there is adequate calcium, the saliva will be near pH 7.0 between meals, anything less than pH 6.5 is cause for concern. There are some simple tests that may help determine if you or your child lack HCl. There is a hydrochloric acid reflex present on the bottom of the lowest rib approximately one inch lateral to the midline. If this area on the rib is tender to palpation there is a strong likelihood the person is deficient in hydrochloric acid, and would benefit from supplementation. Additionally: 1. Drink four ounces of beet juice on an empty stomach. If this turns the next urine red, suspect low HCl for there isnt enough acid to break down the red pigmentbut, you could be iron deficient. 2. Check the pH of the urinedrink four ounces of grapefruit juice, or a lemonorange juice mixture, on an empty stomach. Test the pH of the urine one hour later. If it is significantly more acid (lower pH number), suspect low HCl. The citric acid should have been broken down. 3. If you have heartburn or a tooacid feeling, swallow a tablespoon of fresh lemon juice. If it makes the symptoms worseyou have more than enough hydrochloric acid. If the symptoms are relieved, you need HCl. 4. If it appears that you may need additional HCl, obtain a bottle of 10-grain HCl (with pepsin) in capsule form from the health food store; Adults...take five...of such a product with a meal. If you do not suffer the usual burps and belches, you have proven in one hour that you have need for digestive support. If five...solve your problem, then try four the next meal, then three...you will finally have a recurrence of the old symptoms. Slowly increase the dosage each meal to find the dosage needed to prevent symptoms. Continue that dosage indefinitely.Indigestion by Doctor Kurt W. Donsbach. You may need more than five, usually ten is enough for an adult; however, if your symptoms worsen, you are overproducing HCl. To aid in restoring vibrant health, strength, and normal weight, utilize that number of capsules of HCl with each meal. Be sure to take the HCl after the meal, so as to allow starch digestion to proceed for the first 45 minutes, and so as not to discourage the stomach from supplying all the HCl that it can. The Betaine can be discontinued once the reflex point is non-tender to deep palpation, or the other tests show no further need. Biochemical Observations Common features in those with autism include: raised blood or serum lactate, regional disturbances in glucose uptake in the brain, particularly in the cortex, and reduced brain levels of high-energy phosphate compounds. This is another curiosity of autism. Actually, childrens diets are overloaded with phosphate, and that is one reason for hyperactivity. Children are at increased risk to other conditions that result from excessive phosphate intake. These include: infant colic, sleep disturbances, eczema, allergies, and asthma. Avoidance of phosphates in sodas, processed meats, and baked goods has often been found to be effective against these conditions. These observations would suggest a mitochondrial energy disorder in the brain. Mitochondrial dysfunction may result from any of the following: 1. Impairment of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation due to carnitine deficiency. Carnitine pumps fatty acids into the mitochondria. With the help of vitamins B6, C, and niacin, the body produces carnitine from the amino acids lysine and methionine found in high quality protein. Adequate amounts are not thus formed so some carnitine must come from muscle and organ meats in the diet for it is not found in vegetables. Obviously, a low protein or a vegetarian diet would likely create a deficiency of this vital nutrient, and impair the mitochondrial function causing a loss of energy and a build up of triglycerides and fatty acids in the blood and cells. The Cincinnati Childrens Hospital Medical Centers Department of Enzymology has identified two patients with the carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein syndrome through alpha-1-antitrypsin phenotyping. The carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein in the serum of these patients produces a band on polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing that moves cathodally of the Z-band. In the area of carnitine deficiency, there is, for example, less than 5% of normal muscle carnitine concentration. After carnitine supplementation, patients unable to talk or walk, with hypotonic musculature and symptoms of autism, became able to walk with the help of a walker. They could stand alone for short periods, and they acquired an interest in their surroundings. The common findings of carnitine deficiency were an impaired ability to walk, muscular hypotonia, reduced muscle carnitine concentration, and an improvement in locomotion while on carnitine. Cellular energy production itself produces free radicals that can damage cell structures, including the mitochondria, and ultimately lead to various diseases if the bodys natural antioxidant capacity is inadequate. Acylcarnitine and lipoic acid are both endogenous (naturally present in the body) antioxidants that have been shown to restore the mitochondrial function and reduce free radical damage. (Hagen TM et al., 1998; Lyckesfeldt J et al., 1998). Together with coenzyme Q10 and NADH, they work to maintain the function of the mitochondria. It should be noted that not only fatty acids are needed, but glucose must be able to enter the mitochondria to produce energy needed by the cell and by the muscles. Just as L-carnitine pumps in fatty acids, Alpha Lipoic Acid pumps in glucose, thus, its supplementation tends to overcome syndrome X, where the cells are resistant to glucose. This resistance produces unnaturally high blood levels of insulin and sugar. Since the amino acid Lcarnitine is frequently lacking in the autistic, this could predispose to heart problems and a lack of energy. The primary function of carnitine is to escort fatty acids into the mitochondrial furnace where the fat is burned to fuel ATP for energy. In this action it reduces blood levels of triglycerides and cholesterol dramatically, and aids weight loss. It boosts energy levels for those suffering from elevated blood sugar levels and kidney insufficiency. This reduces fatigue. Tests by Dr. Carl Pepine at the University of Florida showed that carnitine increases blood flow in the heart by 60%, and reduced vascular resistance 25%. It reduces heart arrhythmias by 58% to 90% in patients with chronic heart problems. He reported that patients were enabled to walk 80% farther before discomfort set in. Dr. A. Feller (1988) reported in the Journal of Nutrition that arrhythmias are usually a result of a carnitine deficiency. The heart is enabled to pump more blood, with fewer beats, and with less tendency toward oxygen deprivation. Vitamin E would be its ally in this for it enables muscles to function on 40% less oxygen. This would relieve angina and reduce risk of heart attack. A deficiency of carnitine may result in chronic tiredness, fatigue, nausea, dizziness and anemia. Lysine is converted to carnitine, and carnitine increases Acetylcholine an important neurotransmitter. Autonomic system abnormalities can be caused by disturbances in Acetylcholine levels, known to be deficient in both autism and mercury poisoning. L-carnitine (500 mg capsules twice daily on an empty stomach, or with a carbohydrate snack) reduced ketone, triglyceride (up to 40%), and cholesterol (up to 21%) levels, and increased HDL levels (up to 15%). The suggested use is 200 mg three times a day, increasing after one week to 400 mg three times daily, to improve brain energy levels. Basic L-carnitine may draw moisture and become unstable, and it is not the most bioavailable. While the citrate, lactate, and tartrate are good forms, the most effective form is L-carnitine fumarate. It is up to 9% more bioavailable. Carnitine will conserve calcium, magnesium, and potassium, and may reduce heart arrhythmias and fatiguewhich will reduce risk of heart attack. Due to increased fat burning, carnitine supplementation creates a significant need for caloric increase. If none is supplied there will likely be weight loss. It also generates increased free radicals that can severely damage cells unless additional antioxidants are suppliedparticularly vitamins C and E and selenium. Additionally, lower than normal levels of certain essential fatty acids, such as cholesterol (needed as the precursor to many hormones) and triglycerides (a large proportion of the bloods fatty substances) can be exacerbated by supplemental carnitine. One Mother says, We lost our seizure control, and did not regain it until calories had been upped significantly...Please, everyone, lets consider very carefully the premise that carnitine supplementation creates a significant need for caloric increase. The level of fatty acids in the autistic child is an important factor because the endocrine system and its hormones, the brain and its neurotransmitters, the myelin sheath, and all the immune system components are derived from lipids (fats). However, mitochondria cannot metabolize very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) which many autistic have accumulated; so, if carnitine pumps additional ones into the cell, they can accumulate in the cells where they have toxic effects. Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a rare, fatal, degenerative disease caused by a build up of very-long-chain, fatty acids (c22 to c28) that destroys the myelin (protective sheath) of the nerves (remember Lorenzos Oil? Its a preparation of 20% erucic and 80% oleic acids that might be useful to the autist with accumulated VLCFA). It helps to normalize these fatty acids. Canola oil is a very-long-chain fatty acid oil (c22) that should be avoided. Inability to handle VLCFAs is almost universally true in autistic children, but is also seen in Alzheimers patients, chronic fatigue, and cardiovascular disease. The accumulation of VLCFAs inside the cell membrane represents defects in peroxisomal, beta-oxidation that is likely the result of hypothyroidism and a high-starch (high insulin) diet. Therefore, the toxic aspect so often described in autism may be defined clearly through examination of Red Blood Cell lipids with elevation of VLCFAs being a reflection of blocked detoxification mechanisms (that is, the Phase I liver enzymes are sluggish). These can be safely enhanced with Milk Thistle, Bistort, Royal Jelly, Sheep Sorrel, and Ginger, but other herbs that enhance Phase I are usually, potentially, liver toxic. Elevation of DHA is not particularly disturbing unless Omega-6 fatty acids are suppressed (both EPA and DHA in excess suppress them). In some cases, the VLCFA DHA is reduced. In that case, supplementation of DHA has proven most helpful in relieving many symptoms of VLCFA disease. Carnitine supplementation holds great promise, and it must be supplemented when Depakote is being used, but I think there are some things we must guard against. Additional carnitine will pump more fatty acids into the mitochondria to produce additional energy. It would help to know, from a previous blood test, that the triglycerides and cholesterol were normal or elevated. When using carnitine, to avoid creating a deficiency in fatty acids, we must supplement with Evening Primrose and cod-liver oils as outlined elsewhere in this paper, and ensure the child is getting enough calories for his size and activity. The wild card is the VLCFAs. To determine their status run the Red Blood Cell Lipid test. Symptoms of fatty acid deficiency would tend to be thirst, dry skin and hair, brittle nails, excess urination, dandruff, eczema, and rough skin. If these symptoms, or low triglyceride/cholesterol levels, or excess VLCFAs were present, I would not supplement manganese, selenium, vitamin B2, and carnitine until these problems were being corrected. As I understand it, carnitine could lower the fatty acids and blood fats adversely, and could overload the cell with VLCFAs that it cannot burn. Look to the thyroid, do the iodine test, and if indicated, support the thyroid. Autoimmune presentation may be depicted by this elevation of VLCFAs, vaccenic acid, Mead acid, EPA and DHA due to upregulation of nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide. Status of the immune system is viewed primarily through the balance and sufficiency of EFAs of both the Omega 6 and Omega 3 series. Immune function is highly dependent upon the AA cascade. Although many disorders are indeed inflammatory in nature, depicting elevation of AA, many more disorders are a result of depleted AA stores (as in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Crohns Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Lupus, and metal toxicity) and consequently the body fails to mount an appropriate immune response. 2. A second cause of mitochondrial energy disorder is inflammation associated with the release of excess nitric oxide as mentioned above. The herb Ginkgo Biloba selectively increases the release of nitric oxide synthase, the enzyme that reacts with arginine to produce nitric oxide (NO). It should be avoided in this instance. Excess NO can cause uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation as well as inhibiting the Krebs cycle enzyme, aconitase. This will result in organic acidemias, and low mitochondrial energy production. Lactic acidosis and a carnitine deficiency in autistic patients suggest excessive nitric acid production in mitochondria (Lombard, 1998, Chigani, et al, 1999), and mercury may be a participant. Methyl mercury accumulates in the mitochondria, where it inhibits several mitochondrial enzymes, reduces ATP production and Ca2+ (calcium) buffering capacity, and disrupts mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation (Atchison & Hare, 1994; Rajanna and Hobson, 1985; Faro et al., 1998). The behavior associated with excess NO production in the autist is maniacal laughter. Neurological problems are among the most common and serious of mercury poisoning, and include memory loss, moodiness, depression, anger and sudden bursts of anger/rage, self-effacement, suicidal thoughts, lack of strength/force to resolve doubts or resist obsessions or compulsions. Mercury causes decreased lithium levels, which is a factor in neurological diseases such as depression and Alzheimers. Lithium protects brain cells against excess glutamate induced excitability and calcium influx, and low levels cause abnormal brain cell balance and neurological disturbances. Medical texts on neurology point out that chronic mercurialism is often misdiagnosed as dementia or neurosis or functional psychosis. Mercury, at extremely low levels, interferes with formation of tubulin, producing neurofibrillary tangles in the brain similar to those observed in Alzheimers patients with high levels of mercury in the brain. Mercury and the induced neurofibrillary tangles appear to produce a functional zinc deficiency in the AD sufferers, as well as causing reduced lithium levels. Mercury binds to hemoglobin in the red blood cell, and will reduce the amount of oxygen that can be carried in the blooda major cause of Fatigue. Mercury, at a level of 1 part per ten million, will actively destroy the membrane of red blood cells. Mercury binds with cell membranes interfering with sodium and potassium enzyme functions, causing excess membrane permeability, especially in terms of the blood-brain barrier. Less than 1 ppm mercury in the blood stream can impair the blood-brain barrier. Mercury also blocks the immune function of magnesium and zinc. Exposure to mercury vapor causes decreased zinc and methionine availability, depresses rates of methylation (a bodily process of converting inorganic forms to organic forms, part of the detoxifying process), and increases free radicalsall factors in increased susceptibility to chronic disease and to cancer. Mercury, especially organic mercury, causes accumulation of calcium into the cells, therefore, one does not want to take much calcium, and one wants to have a high ratio of magnesium to calcium, that is, keep magnesium up and calcium down to reduce the accumulative effects. Mercury also blocks the metabolic action of manganese, allowing an increased production of NO and the entry of calcium ions into cell. Mercury, then, is excitotoxic in its action. Magnesium and manganese are the doorkeepers regulating the proper amount of calcium entering the cell. Mercury, if excreted in the urine, pulls out magnesium from the body, thus increasing the manganese relative to magnesium levels. Rarely is mercury excreted, and most commonly it migrates to the brain where it can drive both brain toxicity and increases in manganese. In either case, increases in manganese relative to magnesium may increase measles viral mutations. Shifts in magnesium to manganese cations in the body can significantly enhance viral mutation rates by 6-10 fold. The significance of this in your childs life may be seen in the following: A group measured mercury levels in 15 preterm and 5 term infants before and after Hep B vaccination. According to the group, after-vaccination mercury levels in both preterm and term infants showed a significant increase. Mercury levels in the preterm infants were three times higher than in the term infants, and this was statistically significant, according to the teamDr. Gregory V. Stajich from Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia. A recent study demonstrates that oral administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a widely available and largely nontoxic amino acid derivative, produces a profound acceleration of urinary methyl mercury excretion in mice. Mice that received NAC in the drinking water (10 mg/ml) starting at 48 hr after methyl mercury administration excreted from 47 to 54% of the 203 Hg in urine over the subsequent 48 hr, as compared to 4-10% excretion in control animals. When NAC was given from the time of methyl mercury administration, it was even more effective at enhancing urinary methyl mercury excretion, and at lowering tissue mercury levels. In contrast, excretion of inorganic mercury was not affected by oral NAC administration. Three other nontoxic elements that readily bond to mercury rendering it less toxic and more easily excretable are Oxygen, Sulfur, and Selenium. When eating fish, take 50 mcg of selenium and a capsule of NAC and enjoy! Selenium binds strongly to Mercury, depleting the stores of this trace element that is needed for cellular health. Latest research shows a conclusive connection between reduced levels of selenium and increased risk of cancers. A lack of selenium also adversely affects the conversion of T4 thyroid hormone to T3. Stress also reduces the conversion of T4 to the more active T3. Additionally, when the liver can no longer listen to insulin, you cant convert T4 to T3 very well. It is the transformation within the cells that counts, and a lack of Glutathione (universal in ASD, said to be at 1/3 normal) not only hinders the conversion, but also reduces uptake of T3 into cells. Researchers found that, in non-diabetic, non-fasting, healthy individuals, T4 to T3 conversion was 36%, but in those fasting, this dropped to 18%. In diabetic, non-fasting individuals conversion of T4 to T3 was 12% (Nutrition and Healing, July 2004)! Both cadmium and mercury inhibit the conversion of thyroxine (T4) to active T3, but high arsenic (that binds selenium) or low copper enhances it (perhaps by increasing the above conversion rates), leading to high T3 readings. Those doing DMSA have confirmed this. When selenium was depleted, T3 increased. In people who are hyperinsulinemic with a thyroid hormone that comes back totally normal, it is important to measure their T3. Just as often as not, their free T3 will be low, but get their insulin down and it comes back up. Hyperinsulinemia also causes the excretion of calcium and magnesium in the urine. People with hyperinsulinemia (insulin resistance) can take all the calcium and magnesium they want by mouth, and it will largely go out in their urine. Magnesium chloride oil is available to rub on (inquire), and Epsom salts baths can supply needed magnesium sulfate working around this problem. Paradoxically, in a Chinese study, researchers found that selenium and vitamin E deficiency reduced blood levels of T3 by more than one-third! Vitamin E was thought to protect the T4/T3 conversion process. Nothing is simple when it comes to the hormonal system! All myelination is controlled by T3. Free T3 regulates serotonin and melatonin metabolism. T3 controls serotonin uptake, binding to its receptors, so if there are serotonin problems, look to the thyroid. Arsenic causes T4 to convert to too much T3, which can cause Edema of the Septum Pellucidum and ensuing aggression. Thus, when arsenic poisoned, one may have to watch selenium levels greatly. To efficiently convert T4 to the active form T3, you need a specific ratio of zinc to copper of about 8:1. If you have had hair analysis and or fecal testing or blood tests you may know what your ratio is. If not, I would suggest finding out. Zinc deficiency decreases concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3) and free thyroxine (fT4) in serum by approximately 30%. Most of the zinc is cellular with only a small amount in the blood plasma. Blood tests, therefore, are a poor indicator of systemic zinc status. Mercury (in amalgam, and thimerosal in vaccines) will also cause hypothyroidism by interfering with selenoenzymes (Watanabe et al, 1999), and mercury competes and really messes up zinc absorption/utilization creating all kinds of effects throughout the body. 3. Defects in respiratory chain enzymes produce mitochondrial energy disorders: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase or mitochondrial respiratory chain defects, that is, NAD, NADH, Coenzyme Q10, and cytochrome oxidase deficiency. Although we find a variety of autistic phenotypes to have associated mitochondrial abnormalities, the most common is nonspecific PDD, typically of a form that manifests language and cognitive regression or stagnation during the second year. Most surprising among multiplex families is that the biochemical and clinical markers of mitochondrial disease often segregate in an autosomal-dominant manner (that is, genetically induced). Although no molecular lesion has yet been found in the autosomal dominant families, the biochemical findings are most consistent with abnormal mitochondrial Complex I activity (that is NAD/NADH activityWSL). Early and careful evaluation of autistic children for these more subtle mitochondrial disturbances may rescue them from more severe brain injury (Kelley, Richard, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD). Note that the acetylaldehyde toxin given off by candida yeast inhibits the NAD/NADH exchange. 4. Excess glutamate exposure, a common and increasing source being MSG and flavor enhancers. Generally, autistic children show low glutamine, high glutama